Monday, September 30, 2019

History of Barter System

Barter system Barter system is an age-old method that was adopted by people to exchange their services and goods. This system was used for centuries, before the invention of money. People used to exchange the goods or services for other goods or services in return. Nowadays, barter services has staged a comeback with the advent of more sophisticated techniques that aid trading through the Internet. During ancient times, barter system was a local phenomenon, which involved people in the same locality. However, today barter system has become global. You can now negotiate with the opposite party, regarding the value of the item you want to barter and vice versa. The advantage of bartering is that it does not involve money. You can buy an item in exchange for some other thing you current . The barter system was one of the earliest forms of trading. History of barter system It facilitated exchange of goods and services, as money was not invented in those times. The history of bartering can be traced back to 6000 BC. It is believed that barter system was introduced by the tribes of Mesopotamia. This system was then adopted by the Phoenicians, who bartered their goods to people in other cities located across the oceans. An improved system of bartering was developed in Babylonia too. People used to exchange their goods for weapons, tea, spices, and food items. Sometimes, even human skulls were used for barter. Another popular item used for exchange was salt. Salt was so valuable at that time, that the salary of Roman soldiers was paid in salt. The main drawback of this system was that there was no standard criteria to determine the value of goods and services, and this resulted in disputes and clashes. These problems were sorted out with the invention of money, but the barter system continued to exist in some form or another. The Europeans started traveling across the globe during the Middle Ages and used barter services to trade their goods like furs and crafts to the East, in exchange of perfumes and silks. People of colonial America did not have enough money for business, which was mainly based on barter services. Most of their business consisted of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), musket balls, etc. They were also experts in exchanging services. If members of one family agreed to help their neighbors in harvesting their crops, the latter would help the former in their task, like roofing their building. The history of barter system can also be linked to the initial years of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where students used to pay their fees as food items, firewood or livestock. Barter services became popular during the Great Depression in the 1930s', which witnessed a scarcity of money. The barter system was used as a way of obtaining things like food and other services. The trading was done between people or through groups, who acted as agents and facilitated third party bartering. These groups were like banks, where people maintained their accounts. In case of sale of any of the items, the account of the owner would be credited and the account of the buyer would be debited. It is worth mentioning that Adolf Hitler also used barter system to collect money for funding the war. He was engaged in barter trading with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the people of Germany too resorted to bartering, as the German currency had lost its value. Barter system has been in use throughout the world for centuries. The invention of money did not result in the end of bartering services. Sometimes, monetary crises fueled the revival of the barter system, and the current recession has once again set a stage for its comeback. Even though money is there for trading and for business, barter system still exists and has become more strong and organized. ly have, but don't want. This type of trading can be done through swap markets and online auctions.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Assess the Sociological Explanation That Childhood Is a Social Construction

Assess the sociological explanation that childhood is a social construction. Childhood is the time of a person’s life when they are a child. Childhood is said to be socially constructed, meaning that it has not been influenced by nature but has been shaped by the quality of family life and the culture within society. The social construction of childhood points out that childhood is dependent on a number of social factors rather than a biological stage. Sociologists argue about what the term ‘childhood’ actually means. They claim that childhood is a social construction, rather than biological or natural. In this essay I will assess the sociological explaination that childhood is a social construction by showing experience of childhood today. Some sociologists argue that childhood is socially constructed because people of what people define as childhood. What we consider as childhood today is different from the past and what different cultures/societies consider as childhood varies. Societies are individual in the way they have different social construction, childhood is an important feature in some societies but doesn’t really exist in others. Philippe Aries (1962) explored the fact that childhood was a social construction. He used history to explain this also his paintings. Aries claimed that childhood experience in pre-industrial society, children were viewed as ‘tiny adults’ and that there were no real differences between children and adults. They joined in similar leisure activities to adults, toys and games especially did not exist. Children worked from a young age and were regarded as an economic asset which meant bringing in money and supporting their families. Those who did not help with domestic production usually left home to become servants or apprentices. Aries ‘march of progress’ view argues that today’s children are more valued, better cared for, protected and educated, enjoy better health and have more rights than children of previous generations. Schools specialised in educating of the young, influence of the church which saw children as fragile and in the need of discipline. Separate clothing for adults and children separated childhood and adulthood. Childhood was extended in 19th century because there were concerns over juvenile delinquency, beggars and child prostitution which led to wanting to get children off the streets that show that childhood is a social construction. Aries argued that childhood is socially constructed, however, some sociologists like Pollock (1983) have criticized Aries by saying that it is more correct to say the pre-industrial society just had a different idea of childhood rather than turning a blind eye to it. Pollock argued that Aries work is outdated and his reliance on paintings makes work invalid. Paintings are just interpretations and not necessarily what reality is. The people who paid for his paintings were wealthy, so only represent the society of wealth so it did not reflect on middle-class people. Although Pollock disagrees with Aries, Cunningham (2006) argues that the 19th century saw the social construction of childhood by adults. Childhood was seen to have three major characteristics. One, it was the opposite of adulthood, where children were seen to be in need of protection, to have a right not to work and to be dependent on adults. Two, the world of the adult and the world of the child were to be kept separate. The home and the school were known to be the ideal places to children and were often banned from adult places such as a pub or workplace. Three, the children were seen to have the right to ‘happiness’ Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence that children continued to be badly treated during this period of time, also child prostitution and child abuse were occurring in most cities. This continued until the turn of the 20th century where the age of sexual consent was raised to 16 years old. However, many Functionalists and New Right thinkers believe that children have been given too many rights in recent years and that it is wrong that parents are increasingly criticised and even punished because of their ways in discipline, e. . smacking children. New Right thinkers believe that childhood is under threat because the period of innocent childhood has been shortened and also because children have been exposed too soon to the adult world. They see children in need of protection from ‘threats’ such as homosexuality and media violence, this links to Postman’s view (1982) of childhood. Nei l Postman sees childhood is ‘disappearing at a dazzling speed’. He says that the cause of the appearance and disappearance of childhood is because of the growth of television which means that there are no more secrets from children. This gives them unlimited access to the adult world, being exposed to sex, disaster, death and suffering. Social blurring has occurred showing that there is little distinction between adults and children. Children’s games are less childlike today, taking part in adult activities like smoking and drinking and are committing adult crimes such as murder. They speak, dress and behave like adults, this has meant that children are being given the same rights as adults. Society is pushing children to behave in a manner that encourages them to take part in activities that are unsuitable for their age group. Nearly all the traditional features that mark the transition to childhood, (e. g. getting a job, leaving home, getting married) no longer apply. Therefore childhood is not a social construction and it is children disappearing rather than childhood. Sue Palmer agrees with this view and claims that parents are benefiting enormously from living in a wealthy society in which technology has enriched their lives. Palmer argues that rapid technological and cultural changes over the recent years have damaged children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development. The cultural changes range from electronic games, junk food and television, these are negative influences and are often used as a substitute for parents spending quality time interacting with children. Children are therefore deprived of traditional childhood and family life. This is a problem in today’s society because every year, children become more distractible and self-obsessed- less able to learn and enjoy life. This shows childhood in a child-centred society rather than dependent on society’s cultures and believes conforming to social construction. Some sociologists believe that childhood is dependent on society’s cultures, beliefs and laws, meaning socially constructed. Stephen Wagg (1992) said that Childhood is what members of particular societies at particular times and places say it is. He argues that although humans go through the same stages of physical development like puberty, different cultures construct or define them differently which means childhood is not the same in all societies. Wagg believes that there no single universal childhood experienced by all because it isn’t natural nor defined by mere biological immaturity. Melanie Phillips differs to Wagg’s view, she argues about the negative impact of the media and consumer culture. Phillips believes that the media and peer groups have become more influential than parents and sees the media in the form of magazines aimed at young girls, pop music videos and television as a particular problem, because they encourage young girls to see themselves as sexual from a younger age. These trends are to show that the period of childhood has been shortened, it is no longer a sacred and innocent period lasting up to 13 or 14 years. Phillips argues that children don’t have emotional maturity to cope with the rights and choices that they have today. The result of these processes, she believes are an increase in social problems such as suicide, eating disorders, self-harm, depression and drug/alcohol abuse. This view shows that childhood is not socially constructed and that the media and the peer group have more influences on childhood rather than the parents. The conventional approaches to childhood that I have outlined have been criticized by sociologists who have focused on researching how children see and interpret the world around them. They say that the Functionalist and New Right view ignores the fact that children have their own unique interpretation of family life and that they tend to generalize about children and childhood. Morrow (1998) found that children did not want to make decisions for themselves, but they did want a say in what happened to them. Historical period, locality, culture, social class, gender and ethnicity all have an influence on the character and quality of childhood which shows childhood as a social construction. In conclusion, there are a range of critical, contrasting views that I have assessed to show that childhood is socially constructed. Aries and Cunningham both claim that childhood as we know it today did not exist and they were known as ‘little adults’, childhood was considered to have three major characteristics which gives evidence of the social construction by adults in the 19th century. However there still remains a debate how childhood is now disappearing as its cultural changes have had a negative influence on childhood also how childhood is under threat because the media and peer groups have become more influential than parents.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Crime By Social Norms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Crime By Social Norms - Essay Example Psychological defect refers to undesirable elements like anger, greed, lust, envy or jealousy, pride, sloth or laziness, gluttony or over-indulgence and over-consumption of food, drink, or intoxicants, to the point of waste. Each of these undesirable elements are like people fighting each other to gain control of the ego or sense of individual existence; which is why some people become greedy, lustful, paranoid because jealousy, and dependent on others because of laziness. These defects can be compared to the hidden faces of the moon, that is, when this hidden part is lighted, the defect manifests. This is why some become greedy, lustful and envious. Despite this, it is important for these defects to manifest in order that a person can learn how to control or suppress them. These psychological defects are usually hidden in the consciousness. They are the source of pain and suffering, like jealousy that divides home and family, lust that generates adultery, rape, sexual harassment (es pecially against women), betrayal and polygamy, greed which can lead to exploitation of employees, and lastly, anger and impatience which leads to harm of either to self or to others. These defects can be suppressed or reduced if self-control or discipline is increased. These major sociological theories of crimes explain that crimes are based on the social environment, e.g. family, peer group, school, workplace, community and the society itself. These theories are strain, social learning, and control theory. Other social theories of crime include labelling, social disorganization, and critical theory. Each of these theories differs from each other because they focus on specific or individual factors which results to a criminal act. The strain theory of crime posits that crimes are committed in order to decrease or escape from the strains a person experiences like financial problems, as defense from physical and psychological stressors, like sexual abusers. There are two general categories of strain that contribute to crime. First is, when another person prevents you from achieving your goals, and secondly, when another person takes valuable things from you with a negative or noxious stimuli. An example of this theory is, a man who is broke who robs a woman in order to reduce his financial problems. Another example would be a woman who kills her husband in order to end his abuse to her. In this situation, psychological defect becomes a source of the crime. In the situation of a woman killing his husband, her hatred, and a psychological defect pushed her to kill his husband to end his abusive acts to her.Social learning theory of crime says that crimes are committed by a person who learned criminal acts by assoc iating with other people engaged in criminal activities. According to this theory, people associated with certain group of people engaged in criminal activities are prone to commit a crime and have positive beliefs in committing crimes. They view crimes as something desirable or at least justifiable in certain situations. These people commit crimes in order to get attention, for money, pleasure derived from drugs, and approval from friends or peer groups. An example of th

Friday, September 27, 2019

Governance and Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Governance and Public Policy - Essay Example As good governance, there is a marriage of the new public management with liberal democracy. As a socio-cybernetic system, it refers to the interdependence of socio-political-administrative actors. And finally as a self-organizing network, it refers to networks seeking to establish their own policies and manage their environments (Rhodes, 1997). Other authors emphasize different points relating to governance. Farazmand (2004) highlights the international element of governance, including the fact that effective governance is value-laden. Lowndes and Skelcher (1998) have an actor view of governance with various elements of governance relating to the outcomes of social processes, ensuring that the means by which actors relate to each other is founded on reality. Frederickson and Smith (2003), on the other hand seeks to view governance as an attempt to understand the institutional interactions in administration. All of the definitions support the fact that governance refers to more than the actions which governments do to accomplish their tasks. Governance in other words relates to the interactions between the public sector and the society as a whole in the management of public issues and problems. Rhodes’ (1997) definitions of governance also include other kinds of relations, including hierarchical and market-style relations. Strong arguments against the narrow perspective of governance are made by Schuppert (2007) who argues that a narrow definition makes it difficult to include the generally more successful elements of governance, including hierarchical governing. As pointed out by Wolf (2007), what is more important is to consider the... This essay critically discusses the ways the word governance is used by Rhodes, mostly with reference to Judt and to various examples and conceptualizations. Initially, a discussion of concepts was established in this study, followed by a critical analysis of these concepts. Rhodes discusses how new applications of governance have emerged. He also evaluates the contributions of actors and institutions outside the central administrators to the general processes of governance. Theoretical contributions impact on conventional applications, which usually picture government to be strong and centralised executives, managing the unified state. Governance as defined and described by Rhodes refers to various elements, including transparency, accountability, new public management, good governance, socio-cybernetic applications, and self-organizing network. Other discussions on governance raised by Judt, who emphasizes the importance of adopting liberal principles of democracy in securing favou rable outcomes in governance. Governance lost its link with the traditional past, mostly because traditions have been considered backward, often holding back development for various states, including third world countries. Governance is also now based on the dynamic relations between the different political actors of the state, using resources which allow for transparency and accountability and the political actors, who include the engaged citizenry, working with the state and the governing authorities.

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Deaf as an Aspect of Serious Illness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deaf as an Aspect of Serious Illness - Essay Example Here illness will be referring to physical illness that eventually leads to failure of body functioning system that results to death. Death due to accident can be as a result of injuries that have been inflicted on the body and that eventually makes the body to succumb to death. But it is the aspect of illness that we are interested in. how can we define or explain death as an aspect of serious illness Looking at death as an aspect of serious illness, we would definitely be looking at two components of this aspect which are fear and anger. With death there come so many things. But the irony is that, it is the bereaved that bear the blunt of it. After all death can be said to be a form of deep sleep, a slumber in which we don't come back to this world again. No one knows if there are dreams in the sleep or there no dreams. But one thing is evident that the one who dies does not feel any effect of the death. Then how does fear and anger manifest in death As we have said it is bereaved who bears it all. The loss of a loved one becomes the point of anger on the issue. Many of us fail to comprehend why the dead had to leave us when we needed them most. The paradox of it all is that we are angered by forces beyond our control. The loss of a loved one can be painful and stressing which causes a lot of pain and anger to us. This anger may lead to many other effects on our body which may affect us and cause some serious illnesses physically. It has been evidenced that anger and stress resulting from loss of loved one has in many instances led to subsequent death of a bereaved person. Many people have been witnessed to have collapsed and died instantly on receiving the news of loss of loved ones. But it is the lasting illness that can express the whole idea of serious illness arising from death. (Gurtman, 1990) The bereaved will spend long hours contemplating about the loss. This will come along with anger and frustrations. It takes time for them to recover from the loss. The anger and frustrations affects their daily performance and some may fail to recover at all. Most people may turn to be permanently disabled for the time they take to recover. This turns out to be a serious issue that may turn to an illness. Although we clearly understand that we are not vesting our anger on any person, we direct to the act of death. We understand that we cannot fight death. It is superior to us. The reason that we cannot fight death despite the anger that we may be having brings about an aspect of fear of death. Death brings fear with it. Imagine the loss of somebody who has been very close to you. This is somebody who you have lived with and interacted with for along time. Lets us take an example of a spouse. The loss of one spouse may bring so much fear to the other such that this person looks like he or she has suffered a serious illness for along time. Once we learn about the death of a very close person, we tend to think that this may follow the same pattern that has dictated our life. Death of one couple in a marriage has been witnessed to bring a lot of fear to the other. Some even finds it difficult to live under the same roof that they had been sharing. Many a time it comes out that we tend to look at death as something that we cannot escape once it has befallen on our loved ones. No wonder death has been attributed to evil spirits for along time. Along the

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Is the US Congress too powerful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Is the US Congress too powerful - Essay Example In evaluating whether the Congress is "too powerful", it is necessary to consider what it actually does. Congress makes laws, and within the United States this "law-making" role has in fact been made difficult rather than easy. In the United States of America laws are difficult to pass for a number of reasons and in a number of ways. American law is based upon a mixture of English and French law, and the Constitution was designed to produce three co-equal branches of government that would provide checks and balances on one another (Friedman, 1998) . These checks and balances are designed to make laws difficult to pass for a good reason: it stops any one individual, political party or branch of government dominating too much. A weak government makes for a strong people. The co-equal branches of government are designed to make laws difficult to pass. However, in a well-organized administration in which the President has a good relationship with Congress laws can be passed quite quickly and easily. But even when one particular Party has control of the Legislative and Executive branches: the House, the Senate and the Presidency, it can still be difficult to pass laws. This is shown by the difficulties that President Clinton had in 1992-1994 and President Bush has had for much his Presidency. The making of an Ameri... This stops what has been called "the tyranny of the majority" (Brennan, 1996). The President can also veto a bill if it does not have the support of 2/3 of both the House and Senate in order to override the bill. However, pressure put on individual members by key positions such as the Speaker of the House or the Leader of the Senate may moderate the effects of this individual power. Members of each party tend to vote with their party. The process of moving from a Member/Senator's idea through to Bill and on to Law is deliberately set in a complex way. The Bill may be stopped at a number of hurdles, and indeed, the vast majority of Bills never make it to be laws (Sabato, 2006) Overall, a Bill may be introduced by a member of the House or Senate. It is then distributed to each member of the House. The Speaker of the House can then give it to a Committee which will recommend that it be released with a recommendation for passing, release with revision or be set aside entirely and not considered at all. Bills introduced by the majority party tend to be taken more seriously than those form the minority. The majority of Bills that have the support of the major powers in Congress (House, Senate, Presidency) do make it to be laws - the other bills are often never intended to become laws by the Members/Senators that introduce them. In fact they are for discussion or to score political points. The relationship between the House and Senate is designed to produce either compromise or to stop Bills making it to be a law. Bills that pass the House need to be introduced into the Senate, and there they may be adapted or changed to be something completely different in "conference committees" (Wilson, 2005).

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Financial Report on Apple Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Financial Report on Apple Company - Essay Example novative products of the company are- Macintosh PC, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Apple TV, Xserve, software applications such as Mac OS, iOS operating systems, applications and contents on iTunes Store and a collection of support offerings. The company has appointed wide variety of channels such as company owned stores, online, direct sales; value added resellers, telecom operators, wholesalers, retailers to sell the products. The target markets for the company are education, enterprise, government institutions, and individual consumers. Apple has a strong supply chain and ethics in manufacturing which has led the company to increase its customer base and meet market demands. Apple has more than 46,600 full time employees and 2800 contract employees who work full time. The company has annual sales of US$ 65 billion and an annual growth rate of 47 % year on year. The company optimizes user experience through its products, services, software etc. The unique ability of the company to design and manufacture innovative products enables the company to make user experience simple and great adding the â€Å"wow factor† to it. Apple has grown manifold with introduction of iTunes for consumers, where third party applications can be installed. The experience and ease of use offered by Apple products has been the key unique selling proposition of the company. The company has a strong distribution network around the world to make its product available for consumers and also provide after sales service. The company is uniq uely positioned in the market as most innovative with its products of unique design and excellent user experience. The major area of focus for the company has always been research and development, marketing and advertising which allow the company to remain competitive in the market and offer products which add value to the life of consumers. The company employs unique selling points for its products which offer lifestyle to the end users. Apple has established a direct

Monday, September 23, 2019

Report - analyse of policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report - analyse of policy - Term Paper Example The anonymity policy of the organization is elaborately dealt with in the report and the report seeks to offer certain recommendations based on the findings of the analysis of the policy. The significance of lifeline services have increased immensely as the modern man’s life has become more complex, more problems centered, tensed and emotionally turbulent. In this respect, the tele-counseling services of lifeline 13 11 14 in Australia deserves primary importance as the Australian lifeline answers around 450,000 calls per year from people needing emotional support from almost all parts of the nation. For over 45 years Lifeline has provided Australians with access telephone counselling service for mental health support. Counseling involves a partnership between a client and a mental health professional â€Å"such as a psychologist who is licensed and trained to help people understand their feelings, and assist them with changing their behavior† (Counselling and Therapy). All lifeline staffs are trained to deal with Lifeline callers. The customer friendly policies of the Lifeline in Australia make it unique and approachable to all sects of people: the serv ices of the lifeline are open to all and it offers counseling service that ‘respects everyone’s right to be heard, understood and cared for† (Lifeline: About 13 11 14. 2008 ). The lifeline offers services on many sensitive issues such as family and relationship issues, mental health concerns, suicide prevention and support, abuse and violence, loneliness and life direction, taking into account the fact that the needs of the people can vary â€Å"genders and age groups and between rural and metropolitan areas† (Lifeline: About 13 11 14. 2008 ). The major aim of the lifeline telephone counselors is to provide emotional support to the needy customers in order to enable them to face the challenges of life rather than running away from them. This report analyses the

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Bigmac vs Whopper Essay Example for Free

Bigmac vs Whopper Essay My reason for writing this paper is to provide information on McDonalds’ Big Mac and Burger Kings’ Whopper. The information will help you decide which one meets your standards best: Whether it is its taste or its value. In today’s society the fast food nation is sky rocketing in business, and wherever you go, there will always be a competition between different fast food businesses. First off, many people like to consider the cost of something when it comes to purchasing. At McDonalds, the cost of a Big Mac value meal is $3. 59 not including taxes. The price of a Whopper meal, according to USAToday. com, is $3. 69. It’s obvious that the big Mac is cheaper than the Whopper, but, is it worth ten cents less? The size is important as well. Even though they both have names that mean big, one is definitely bigger. The big Mac is 7. 5 ounces and the Whopper is 10. 1 ounces according to Wikipedia. So it is obvious that the Whopper wins in the size category. Although taste could be a topic to discuss it is still an essential part of the decision process. In the most recent polls taken, people have preferred the Whopper over the Big Mac; they said it was just better tasting all together (www. answers. yahoo. com). What is the point of worrying about if something is good or big enough to eat if you have no where to get your big Mac or Whopper? That’s why it’s important to find something you like and have an abundance of them. In the United States, there are 12,804 McDonalds’, according to Nation Master online. For Burger King there are 11,100 restaurants across the United States. (coopamerica. org). So it’s clear that McDonalds’ has more restaurants across the nation than Burger King, so if you are in the mood for some fast food there will be more McDonalds than Burger Kings near you. If you are looking for different ways to order your sandwich there are 221,184 possible ways to have it your way for the whopper and only 124 different ways to order a Big Mac so if it’s variety you want then the Whopper is the way to go. If you want to go on the healthier aspect of things and your only choices are a Big Mac or Whopper, you should look into calories, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, and sodium. For the normal Big Mac there are 540 calories, 29 grams of total fat, 10 grams of saturated fat, 1. 5 grams of trans fat, and 75 mgs of cholesterol according to mcdonalds. com. In a Whopper sandwich with mayo there are 670 calories,39 grams of total fat, 11 grams of saturated fat, 1. 5 grams off trans fat, and 95 mg of cholesterol. (www. bk.com). When you look at these numbers, it is obvious that the Big Mac is healthier compared to the Whopper. Two other things that might affect your choice would be the quality of the burger, and the quality of the restaurant. If the burger is really messy and impossible to eat then it isn’t in your best interest to eat it, or if the restaurant looks really dirty and unhealthy then you won’t want to eat a burger from that restaurant. In recent polls, US Today surveyed 100 people and asked if they thought Burger King or McDonalds was cleaner; about 78 out of 100 people said Burger King held a better appearance. In conclusion, if you are looking for a healthier, cheaper and more accessible sandwich, the Big Mac from McDonalds would be your best choice. If you want a better tasting, larger and better quality sandwich, the Whopper from Burger King would be your best choice. No matter what, the fast food nation is getting larger, so it won’t be long until you cant go anywhere with out seeing one of the two. My favorite out of the two is the Whopper because it has better quality, and I think the Whopper tastes better as well.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Speech of Distinctively Visual Essay Example for Free

Speech of Distinctively Visual Essay Hi everyone Today, I would like to show you how distinctively visual elements in my chosen text such as: gesture, composition, emotion expression, color and lightning†¦ can be used by the composer to affect an audience’s response to these themes- Suffering Poverty Love The distinctively visual text I have chosen is one in a series of photographs of Agent Orange victims after the Vietnam War. This photograph was taken by an anonymous photographer which shows an Agent Orange affected child being bath by his mother. The photographer had purposely taken this photograph to illustrate lives of people who have got the affection of Agent Orange. The photographer has skillfully captured the emotional expression in the photo, and effectively used the color and lightning to suggest how much they must have suffered from Agent Orange. The photo is mainly in black and grey. These are colors of darkness and sadness to indicate their suffering present and future life. Lightning is also effectively used as light is focused on the mother and her child who draw the attention of the audiences. Most importantly, the photographer has captured the images of the frowning mother, the crying son which has leave strong impression to the audiences and make them aware of their suffer. These victims are not only suffering from Agent Orange but they also live in poverty. Through the composition in the photo, the poverty these people are living in has been successfully illustrated. In this photo, at the front of the house, where everything is exposed, the mother bathed her son in a basin and with only an old, big bucket to fill water. The house behind them is old, broken and rundown. Everything has shown a life of deprivation and misery. Those are completely what happen in their daily life and are not purposely arranged. This fact has help make the audiences understand and create the feelings of sympathy towards them. Even though their life is in poverty and full of suffer, they still love each other as a family. It is proven by their gesture in the photo. The mother uses her gentle hands to bath and also to embrace and comfort her son, who is crying in pain. By looking at this image, we can see how the mother love towards her son can help her overcome all of the obstacles in life, which will deeply move the audiences. It is clear that my text is contain harsh images about the consequences of Agent Orange though enlightening how much its victims suffered, their life in poverty as well as their love towards each other. The photographer’s use of distinctively visual textual elements has helped him successfully convey his ideas to the audiences.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Dark Night: A film analysis

The Dark Night: A film analysis Which features of the film would you consider place it as either mainstream or alternative? To answer this question I have chosen to base my answer upon the film ‘The Dark Knight, directed by Christopher Nolan. As one of the main spectacle blockbusters to come out in 2008, I thought that it would be appropriate to base my essay upon. I would class the film as mainstream for many reasons, and one of these being that the film had a very wide target audience; the film is an adaptation from a comic book, so there is already a strong fan base for the film. There is also the fact that there are fans purely of the other Batman films; however these are not prequels as they are from an entirely different series, with different directors. It was also very much so a family film, released on the 24th July 2008 it was released in the middle of the Hollywood blockbuster season, making it a must see for children and adults alike. Another reason that the film would be based in the mainstream category is the fact that film cost approximately $185,000,000 to make. The filmmakers intended for the film to be a spectacle, focusing largely on the visual impact of the film. However, narrative and character development also played a large part, unlike most Hollywood blockbusters. This is evident through the characterisation of the Joker and Batman. Throughout the film we see differing sides of the two characters and spectators may well have sided with that of the Joker, a person who in real life people would not have found themselves able to condone their behaviour. However, in the world of the film it is possible for a spectator to find themselves forming an allegiance with them. It was also the first time in feature film-making that IMAX cameras were utilized†[1] It is often found that in blockbusters, the filmmakers are looking for some sort of excuse to try new technology, and this happens in this film, for example in the armoured car chase. When looking at a film as a spectacle an audience would expect the spectacle to be seen through the following; costume, sets, locations, action, set pieces, sound, employment of new technologies, and editing and camera work, all of which is evidently been shown through The Dark Knight. It is these things that show the appreciation of the films surface quality†[2], and that The Dark Knight is very much so a visual spectacle, as to a spectator it is extremely aesthetically pleasing. Furthermore the film itself is an ‘event film, as it was based on a comic book and has a large fan base already even before its release, it is expected of fans to show up in fancy dress etc to actually take part in the spectacle itself. When looking at alternatives to Hollywood, they fall into various differing sub-genres. However, The Dark Knight does not belong to any other alternative heading; it is a mainstream blockbuster/spectacle. No other alternative cinema heading would be able to be logically applied to this film. Although the implications of the developments appeared to be that, in a society dominated by the mass media, popular culture is better able than avant-garde art to provide visual metaphors that reflect the problems and dilemmas of everyday life.†[3] For instance the fact the character of Batman himself represents justice for the people, he is not the law, nor does he abide by it, however he seeks justice whether or not people think that it be morally correct or not. Another key scene when looking at this would be where the Joker has sent the two ships out, each ship has a detonator for the other ship, and however one boat is filled with normal citizens and the other with convicts. The fact is that viewers expect the boat full of civilians to blow the other ship, though this is not the case. One of the more menacing looking convicts throws their detonator out of the ships window proclaiming that You dont wanna die, but you dont know how to take a life. Give it to me; these men would kill you, and take it anyway. Give it to me. You can tell em I took it by force. Give it to me, and Ill do what you shoulda did ten minutes ago.† This is not what a spectator member would usually expect from a criminal however this scene allows the view to question their own moral compass, as the innocent civilians are up for blowing the convicts up, but it is in fact the convicts who throw the detonator away first. Another reason that this would be classed as mainstream is due to the casting. Stars and other well known names are used for all the main characters, which would not usually be the norm in alternative film-making. Actors such as Christian Bale, Heath Ledger, Aaron Eckhart, Michael Caine, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Gary Oldman, and Morgan Freeman were all used in the film. Using stars in films is an especially good way for filmmakers to draw a larger target audience, and they cleverly use these actors/actresses as a marketing tool. Some of the main stars in the film also starred in some of the previous Batman films, so many people will have some sort of recognition with them and will be expecting certain things from them. Although these people were purposefully cast in order to make the film more successful, no one could have anticipated the death of Heath Ledger before the films release. And although it may not be pleasant his death worked as one of the largest marketing tools for the film, as people who may not have wished to view the film before, whether because it was a Batman film, the cast or the fact it was a blockbuster, fans of Ledger flooded cinemas in order to see his last performance. When thinking of Hollywood/blockbuster films many people feel that they are made purely for the profit. However, regardless of genre and other factors of similarities you cannot deny the fact that Hollywood produces artistic products.†[4] As technology is advancing Hollywood are the able to have the chance to make bigger and better films, and this is evident in The Dark Knight, IMAX cameras are being used for the first time, the director Christopher Nolan wanted the film to be as big as possible, and it succeeded. For example aerial shots at (00:58) and (57:58) show just how expensive this film was to make, as it is highly expensive to use shots like these in films. Although many Hollywood films are similar in content, cinematography, cast, budget, genre etc the filmmakers do have to make each film different, Henry Ford could manufacture thousands of cars exactly alike; here sameness is a virtue. But every movie had to be different; otherwise the movie audiences would not appea r at the theatres again and again†.[5] All blockbusters aim to be bigger and better than the last and it is this drive that makes audiences members want to go and see the next one time after time. The film would also be classed as mainstream due to the theme of violence. Mainly complaints were made by people saying that it should have received a higher rating by the BBFC as it was only rated as a 12A, which caused controversy amongst many parents who did not wish for their children to view the film. Thus meaning that anyone above the age of 12 could view the film with adult supervision and that under 12s would be permitted if with an adult. However, there is never any blood on screen throughout the entirety of the film itself. It is this that makes it a more mainstream film, by not showing blood onscreen, the filmmakers are allowing the film to reach a wider audience. The film displays spectacular action sequences†[6] and this is one of the main things that The Dark Knight is about, showing the action to the best of their ability. It is the action throughout this film that makes people glued to the screen. The budget is also a main factor in this, considering that the film cost $185,000,000 to make, the filmmakers were able to afford, any special effects that were necessary or wanted, this would not usually happen in alternative films, as many alternative filming methods have very low budgets, and the directors may only get to work with what they can get their hands on at the time. The music also plays a key role in The Dark Knight, and the reason I feel this should be included, is based upon the fact that it has been composed by Hans Zimmer; A German born composer who is responsible for many of Hollywoods most recent hits. He provided music for The Pirates of the Caribbean films, Pearl Harbour, The Da Vinchi Code, Black Hawk Down, King Arthur, Angels and Demons, and most recently Sherlock Holmes. The action film/action blockbuster is at once the most contemporary, the most visibly relevant to present day Hollywood filmmaking, and also the least discussed and least well defined†[7]. People dont like admitting to the fact they enjoy mainstream movies anymore, it is the hegemony of the people that believe that Hollywood are only producing films to make money, however The Dark Knight defies this generalisation, based upon the fact it is directed by an independent stylised director. They also fail to take into account the basic fact that its conventionality is the very reason for its creativity.†[8] Another factor that makes The Dark Knight stand out as a mainstream film is the use of special effects throughout the film. However director Christopher Nolan is not fond of using CGI, and so tried his very best to use the practical alternatives where necessary. With regards to the Joker within the film Nolan felt that â€Å"when youre dealing with an anarchist, somebody who is dedicated to chaos, the most visceral way of representing that is an explosion†[9], so that he did. All the way throughout the film many explosions can be seen, and it is Nolan himself who tried to keep them as ‘real as possible. He believes an audience can tell the difference between something being done practically and something which has been done using CGI, and so therefore chose to limit the amount of CGI he used within the film, unless it was absolutely necessary due to health and safety reasons. Nolan wanted the film to have more explosions than ever seen in any other film, as he thought th is was the key to the Joker, and believed that it would make the audience feel like anything could happen in the film. Take for example the hospital explosion where the Joker is walking out, Nolan wanted to do this explosion for real and did this to the best of his ability. They allowed the explosion to stop for a second as Heath Ledger is walking away from the building, and turns round in surprise, just as the audience will, thinking that something has gone wrong. However, this is not the case and the explosion continues, leaving the audience feeling disconcerted. Another factor which also makes the film mainstream is that it presents universal themes to its audience. The reason being that if the viewer has a character that they feel they can connect to throughout the film, whether it be the hero/protagonist or the villain/antagonist, or any other character for that matter, there is someone they feel that within the film they have a similarity to, further interpolating them into the diegetic world of the film. Whether you feel that you are more connected with Batman or the Joker, it does not matter, the fact remains that if you do share views/outlook you will enjoy the film more based on the fact that you have someone else that feels the same as you, offering you a feeling of comfort and fulfilment, this would also be considered as a form of escapism. It remains that escapism can also be used as a device for criticising reality and the present state of society,†[10] which can be seen throughout the film, as the battle between justice and the people is ongoing in The Dark Knight. To conclude the mainstream category would be the best to define The Dark Knight. The reasons stated in the above contribute to making it so. Essentially reasons why it could not be categorised as an alternative film made it a fair argument. Research provided key factors into the reasoning of why The Knight is a mainstream film. Using a modern film was necessary as a more passà © film may not be classed as mainstream now to the current generation of cinema goers. The Dark Knight was possibly the mainstream blockbuster to have been released in 2008, therefore it was relevant to be used in this essay. The internet movie database. 2009. The Dark Knight. [online] [accessible online at http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0468569/ [Accessed 1 December 2009]. Neale,A.,2000. Genre and Hollywood, Routledge. London. Diedre Pribam,E. March 22, 2004. Cinema and Culture: Independent Film in the United States, 1980-2001. Framing Film: The History and Art of Cinema. P33. Neale,S.2000.Genre and Hollywood. Routledge. London. Neale,S.2000.Genre and Hollywood. Routledge. London. Langford,B.2005.Film Genre Hollywood and Beyond. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. Langford,B.2005.Film Genre Hollywood and Beyond. Edinburgh University Press. Edinburgh. Grant, K. Ed., 2005. Film Genre Reader 3. University of Texas Press. USA. HowStuffWorks, Gerri Miller. The Dark Knight Stunts Special Effects [online] (Updated 2009) Available at: http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/dark-knight2.htm [ Accessed 6 December 2009]. Grant, K. Ed., 2005. Film Genre Reader 3. University of Texas Press. USA.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Drug Abuse and Mental Health Essay -- addiction, illness, informative

Substance abuse complicates almost every aspect of care for the person with a mental disorder. When drugs enter the brain, they can interrupt the work and actually change how the brain performs its jobs; these changes are what lead to compulsive drug use. Drug abuse plays a major role when concerning mental health. It is very difficult for these individuals to engage in treatment. Diagnosis for a treatment is difficult because it takes time to disengage the interacting effects of substance abuse and the mental illness. It may also be difficult for substance abusers to be accommodated at home and it may not be tolerated in the community of residents of rehabilitation programs. The author states, that they end up losing their support systems and suffer frequent relapses and hospitalizations (Agnes B. Hatfield, 1993). Furthermore, mental illness and drug addiction are conditions that often occur together. This is a person who has two brain disorders that influence one another, and which both need treatment. Some say that certain drugs may actually cause mental illness in individuals with a weak genetic profile (Genetic Science Learning Center, 2011).With that being said, symptoms may get worse, but drugs do not necessarily cause mental illness. Some people may begin using drugs of abuse as a form of self-medication. For instance, drugs of abuse may temporarily relieve some of the symptoms associated with stress, anxiety, or depression, but the problems will still exist. Therefore, the form of self-medicating when using drugs can lead to harmful effects in a person’s mental health. People who have been undiagnosed may also suffer from serious mental disorders. So they may take drugs to relieve their symptom which is known as self-me... ...nosis and Mental Illness (Schizophrenia and Drug or Alcohol dependance) . Retrieved february 11, 2011, from schizophrenia.com: http://www.schizophrenia.com/family/dualdiag.html Center, N. D. (2004, April). Drug Abuse and Mental Illness. Retrieved Febrauary 9, 2011, from Justice.gov: http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs7/7343/7343p.pdf Genetic Science Learning Center (2011, January 24) Mental Illness: The Challenge of Dual Diagnosis. Learn. Genetics. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/issues/mentalillness.html Lietz, J. (2011). Effects of Substance Abuse. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from ehow.com: http://www.ehow.com/about_4799336_effects-substance-abuse.html Samouilhan, T., & Seabi, J. (2010). University students' beliefs about the causes and treatments of mental illness. South African Journal of Psychology, 74-89 .

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Lindsay Lohan Essay examples -- Films, Teenage Drama Queen

Over the years, the name Lindsay Lohan has become synonymous with the description â€Å"troubled young starlet.† She was first recognized as a budding young actress with promising potential, after the release of her first feature film The Parent Trap. She was only eleven years old in the Disney remake but she turned a lot of people’s heads. From 2002 to 2006, Lindsay stared in a number of films like Freaky Friday, Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, Mean Girls, Herbie: Fully Loaded, and Just my Luck. Lindsay Lohan’s status of fame really rose after the mega box office hit Mean Girls. It grossed $129 million and made her widely popular in U.S. culture (Wikipedia, 2011). As a result of her popularity and our nation’s obsession with tabloids, she started to get stalked by the paparazzi. Suddenly, she began to feel the pressures of living under the public eye and the scrutiny that comes along with it. All the while, she was experiencing a lot of family turmoil at home. Dina Lohan separated from Michael Lohan in 2005 and finalized their divorce in 2007. Lindsay has reported that there was a lot of mayhem in her childhood and often she would find herself in the middle of her parent’s problems because she was trying to keep the peace (Wikipedia, 2011). Throughout the years, she has continued to have a rocky relationship with her father. In the midst of shooting movies, Lindsay also started to dabble in the music industry. She released her debut album Speak in 2004. It received mixed reviews. However, it did reach platinum status. Then she released her sophomore album in December of 2005 titled, A Little More Personal (Raw). This album was not as successful as her first (Wikipedia, 2011). 3 Lindsay refocused on her acting career an... ...accepting, paparazzi stalking environment, she can get a chance to experience what life without drug dependence feels like. However, I feel this treatment plan may be hard to initiate with Lindsay because of her acting career. Nonetheless, her career has been put on hold for quite some time now, so what is another couple years? A lot of times several approaches are combined to treat substance abuse and dependence (Comer, 2010, p. 317). Therefore, if the sociocultural approach proved not to be sufficient on its own, I would add a psychodynamic therapy which can help clients become aware of and correct the underlying needs and conflicts that led to the disorder in the first place (Comer, 2010, p. 310). I think this will help my treatment plan be more inclusive because it will address environmental influences as well as underlying individual issues. Lindsay Lohan Essay examples -- Films, Teenage Drama Queen Over the years, the name Lindsay Lohan has become synonymous with the description â€Å"troubled young starlet.† She was first recognized as a budding young actress with promising potential, after the release of her first feature film The Parent Trap. She was only eleven years old in the Disney remake but she turned a lot of people’s heads. From 2002 to 2006, Lindsay stared in a number of films like Freaky Friday, Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen, Mean Girls, Herbie: Fully Loaded, and Just my Luck. Lindsay Lohan’s status of fame really rose after the mega box office hit Mean Girls. It grossed $129 million and made her widely popular in U.S. culture (Wikipedia, 2011). As a result of her popularity and our nation’s obsession with tabloids, she started to get stalked by the paparazzi. Suddenly, she began to feel the pressures of living under the public eye and the scrutiny that comes along with it. All the while, she was experiencing a lot of family turmoil at home. Dina Lohan separated from Michael Lohan in 2005 and finalized their divorce in 2007. Lindsay has reported that there was a lot of mayhem in her childhood and often she would find herself in the middle of her parent’s problems because she was trying to keep the peace (Wikipedia, 2011). Throughout the years, she has continued to have a rocky relationship with her father. In the midst of shooting movies, Lindsay also started to dabble in the music industry. She released her debut album Speak in 2004. It received mixed reviews. However, it did reach platinum status. Then she released her sophomore album in December of 2005 titled, A Little More Personal (Raw). This album was not as successful as her first (Wikipedia, 2011). 3 Lindsay refocused on her acting career an... ...accepting, paparazzi stalking environment, she can get a chance to experience what life without drug dependence feels like. However, I feel this treatment plan may be hard to initiate with Lindsay because of her acting career. Nonetheless, her career has been put on hold for quite some time now, so what is another couple years? A lot of times several approaches are combined to treat substance abuse and dependence (Comer, 2010, p. 317). Therefore, if the sociocultural approach proved not to be sufficient on its own, I would add a psychodynamic therapy which can help clients become aware of and correct the underlying needs and conflicts that led to the disorder in the first place (Comer, 2010, p. 310). I think this will help my treatment plan be more inclusive because it will address environmental influences as well as underlying individual issues.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

First impressions of Iago and Othello Essay

In the play Othello, our first impression suggests that Iago and Othello are portrayed as having somewhat opposite qualities. Iago is first shown to be false and pretentious. Even though he says â€Å"I will wear my heart upon my sleeve†, giving the impression that he shows all his emotions willingly, he is then shown to be quite secretive and deceitful, plotting against Othello, Casio and Rodriguo, emphasising his ambitious nature. Furthermore we get the impression that he is spiteful and racist, building up his hatred and jealousy towards Othello, â€Å"I hate the Moor†. We also get the impression that Iago is manipulative. Firstly, he promises Rodriguo Desdemona in return for his aid, luring him into his grasp using one of Rodriguo’s desires, â€Å"It cannot be long that Desdemona should continue her love to the Moor – put money in thy purse†. This effectively turns Rodriguo into a tool for Iago’s deeds. Following that, he uses his trust to manipulate Othello into becoming suspicious of Desdemona, and undermining his faith in his wife. Another one of Iago’s main features that we are presented with is that he is quite devious and cunning. He says himself: â€Å"I am not what I am†, and in his soliloquies he contemplates his cunning plans, â€Å"†¦ to plume up my will in double knavery. How? How? Let’s see†. Despite this, Othello still refers to him as â€Å"Honest Iago†. Othello, on the other hand, is shown to be a much more simple man, who is eloquent and much more admired. We get the impression that he looks for a sensible, balanced explanation for things. However his simple nature acts as a catalyst to produce many of his weaknesses. His lack of confidence in social situations causes him to become over-trusting and naà ¯ve, leading to his poor judgment. He does not suspect Iago at all, and overlooks the possibility that Iago may not be acting in Othello’s interest, referring to him as â€Å"A man †¦of honesty and trust†.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Philosophy †Plato Essay

2. What is the role of philosophy for Socrates and why is it valuable in itself? Explain three argu- ments Socrates gives for the immortality of the soul. Briefly explain Cebes and Simmias’ coun- terarguments using examples from the text for support. Finally, based on your understanding of the Phaedo give your interpretation of the last words of Socrates and back it up by citing the text. In Plato’s The Last Days of Socrates, Phaedo gives an account of the last few hours of Socrates’ life, to Echecrates when he encounters him after Socrates’ death. In Phaedo’s telling of the story, we learn about why Philosophy was so important to Socrates, and why he spent his final hours explaining his arguments about the body and the soul, to his two friend Cebes and Simmias. Socrates presents four separate arguments as to how the soul lives separately from the body, the first being the theory of opposites, seconded by the theory of recollection, and followed by his theory of Affinity. After he presents his first three arguments, Simmias and Cebes interject with their opinions and counterarguments to Socrates’ first three, which is then when Socrates comes up with his fourth and final argument – Theory of the Forms. The last and final argument is one of the most important arguments that Socrates will make throughout the whole story. Phaedo ends his account to Echecrates by telling us of the final words of Socrates. Socrates was a well known Greek philosopher, known chiefly through the writings of his students, such as Plato who wrote the novel in which we are reflecting. Socrates did not write down any of his ideas or knowledge, but instead instilled it upon other people who took the re- sponsibility of writing it down for themselves. During Socrates’ final hours, we find out why Phi- losophy was so important to him. He argues that the soul is a separate entity from the body, and that we must separate the soul as far as possible from it. He relates this to death, by saying that death is this freeing and parting of the soul from the body. Socrates states, on page 100 line 67d exactly why Philosophy is important – â€Å"†¦those that go in for philosophy in the correct way who are always eager to set the soul free; what philosophers practice is exactly this, the freeing and parting of soul from body. † He believes that Philosophers live their lives being as close to death as possible, â€Å"those occupied correctly in philosophy really do practice dying, and death is less frightening for them than for anyone else (Plato 67a). † He states that if philosophers desire that one thing, separating the soul from the body, then they must always be close to death and to nev- er be afraid of it. Socrates presents his initial argument that â€Å"everything comes to be through opposite things coming to be from no other source than their own opposites (Plato 70e). † He believed that everything that exists, has an opposite and must have came from that opposite. He provided examples such as â€Å"the beautiful is presumably opposite to the ugly† or â€Å"when something comes to be bigger, it must be from being smaller before (Plato 70e). † In explaining this argument, he presents that between the two members of the pair, there are two-processes for the pair to come into being. In order for something to be big, it had to come from being small, it increased in size but it could go the opposite way and decrease in size as well. This argument relates to the soul and the body by saying that being alive has an opposite, which is being dead. In order for the op-posites argument to be logical, one must be able to come back from the dead and be alive, so it is from the dead that living things come to be alive. This leads us to believe that the soul is immor- tal, and existed before the body. Socrates sums up this argument by stating, â€Å"the living have come from the dead no less than the dead from the living; and I think it seemed to us that if this were the case, it would be sufficient proof that the souls of the dead must be somewhere – from where they were to be born again (Plato 72a). † Following the argument about opposites, Socrates poses the question that if we are going to recollect something, we must have had knowledge about it at a previous point in time. This is then the second argument that Plato recounts in his telling of Socrates’ last hours. What he is pre- senting in this argument, is the fact that when we recognize something, it brings us back to think- ing about something else. So when we recognize this first object, it triggers our minds to remem- ber something that is associated with that object. Therefore, when we remember something we are recollecting back to a previous state or time or object. He argues that these recollections canat are unlike the items we have recollected. He sums this thought up by saying, â€Å"So long as, on seeing one thing, you come to have something else in mind, like or unlike, from seeing the first one. What occurs must be recollection (Plato 74d). † He doesn’t stop at this, but then goes on to explain that we had this knowledge before we even obtained our senses. When we were born, we obtained the ability to see, hear, and possess all of the other senses, but we had this knowledge before our senses, so therefore we had this knowledge before we were even born. This argument leads back to his original point that the soul exists outside of the body. â€Å"Whereas if we get our knowledge before we are born but lose it on being born, and then later through the use of our perceptions we get back those pieces of knowledge that we had at some previous time, what we call learning would be a matter of getting back knowledge that was ours anyway; and we’d be surely correct if we called that recollection (Plato 75e). † Socrates’ third argument before Cebes and Simmias provide their counterarguments is his theory of Affinity. This suggests that we must distinguish between things that are material, visi- ble, and perishable and things that are immaterial, invisible, and immortal. In this case, the body is the thing that is perishable, while the soul is immortal and lives on. While arguing this to Sim- mias and Cebes, Socrates states, â€Å"the soul is something that’s very like what’s divine, deathless, the object of intellect, uniform, undissolved, and always in exactly the same state as it ever was; while body in its turn is something very like what’s human, mortal, mindless, multiform, tending to dissolution, and never the same as it was before (Plato 80b). † This is yet another argument that proves his point that when the body dies, the soul still lives. He brings up the point in this argu- ment that the soul may wander, but eventually it is put into a different body or it will spend its time with the Gods. After his third argument, Simmias and Cebes finally interject and give their counterargu- ments to Socrates. Simmias is the first to present his counterargument, by comparing the topic of the soul existing after the death of the body, to the attunement of an instrument. He states, â€Å"The argument would go, there’d be no way that the lyre could continue to exist as it does, with the strings broken, or that the strings could, while the attunement, which is of the same nature and the same kin as the divine and deathless, had already perished, before the mortal (Plato 86a-c). † He is comparing the body to an instrument, and the soul to the attunement. When the instrument is no longer there, if it was completely broken or burned, there would no longer be a tune. The tune of one instrument does not just travel to a separate instrument when the original one is gone. Cebes then gives his counterargument, not agreeing with the one Simmias just made and not ful- ly agreeing with all of Socrates’ arguments. Cebes argument states that the soul does still live on after the body is dead, but that it is not entirely immortal. He then compares the body to a cloak and the soul to the body, stating â€Å"someone might say the very same things about soul and body as about the weaver and his cloak, that the soul is something long-lived, while the body is a weaker and shorter-lived thing, but all the same, he’d say, every single soul wears out many bod-ies, especially if it has a long life – for if the body is in flux, and is perishing even while the per- son is alive, still the soul always weaves again whats being worn out. (Plato 87e). † This argu- ment he presents states that a soul can live through many bodies, as a person can go through many cloaks each as they wear out. He finishes his argument by stating that â€Å"there’s no justifica- tion yet for relying on this argument of yours, and it gives us no reassurance that when we die our soul still exists somewhere (Plato 88a). † Socrates final words at the end of Phaedo’s account were, â€Å"Crito, we owe a cock to As-clepius; pay our debt and no forgetting. † According to Greek myth, the cock symbolizes a peace offering to the god Asclepius in order to receive a cure. In this case, Socrates was getting ready to die. This could mean only two things to me, the first being that he was being cured of his life by dying and being closer than ever to the one thing that philosophers dedicate their time to, sep- arating his soul from his body and having that soul be free. The second interpretation I came up with is that he offered this cock to the god Asclepius to avoid any misfortune after he dies, while his soul is still living. All in all, Socrates had many deep and thought provoking arguments as to why the soul and the body are separate, and why the soul continues to live after the body has perished. Whether or not these arguments seemed logical, or were very believable, Socrates spent his whole life dedicated to the ideas of Philosophy, and he spent his final hours instilling his beliefs upon those who cared about him. Socrates died for what he believed in, and that’s what makes Phaedo’s account of his life so interesting. Works Cited: Plato, , and Christopher Rowe. The Last Day of Socrates. New York: Penguin Classics, 2010. 87-169. Print.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Orange Telecom: a Case Analysis

Orange Telecom: A Case Analysis ORGA 433 – 460 Orange Telecom is a tremendous example of successful organizational understanding of change in a fast-paced and growing market. Utilizing the environment around them, Orange has grown into a worldwide triumph in the Telecom industry. By committing to a progressive strategy, Orange has demonstrated their ability to change and evolve to not only suit their immediate environment, but to also actively envision the future path of the industry, and capitalize on prospective trends around the world.Question 1: Using the internet and other sources, as well as the information give in the case study, summarize the elements in Orange’s temporal and external environments in terms of the influence it had on the opportunity for this new brand to succeed, 1994-2006. Orange was launched in the UK in 1994 as an answer to the growing trend towards mobile telecommunications. From the very beginning, Orange utilized a strategy of pioneering ma ny of the services to its customers that would later become the norm, industry-wide.At it’s launch, Orange was the first to offer standard customer service features such as caller id. Orange was the first company to offer aesthetically appealing masts shaped like trees which helped in customer relations. In 1999 Orange launched a branch in Switzerland which would be the first of many excursions into foreign markets. In 2000 Orange was able to use superior technology to offer Europe its first wireless video phone. These are just a few example of Orange’s strategy of providing customers with the latest in innovation.They launched at a time when Telecom services focused more on turnover than customer service. Orange decided to go in a completely unique direction by focusing primarily on customer concerns and service, being among the first to offer their customers numerous different option in every category such as prepaying phones through ATMs. In the UK, in 2003 Orange c hanged the way the mobile market operated, turning all of its 2,000 UK retail salespeople into ‘phone trainers’ and introducing them into its high street stores.It also launched the new Orange Film Funding Board adverts that took the international cinema industry by storm. The success of Orange is also strongly attributed to its ability to capitalize on external environmental trends. Being a company steeped in English and French heritage, Orange has been able to utilize a multicultural approach to business and provide nations with both French and British histories. This has opened the door for Orange to cross the language barriers that often bring to a halt the growth of many organizations.Orange has also been able to sense the common curiosity mankind has towards the future and has therefore began marketing itself, not as a company that simply provides a service, but also a company that provides answers to the future through innovation. Further, the Orange brand has be come so widely recognized in the UK and nations around the world that the company’s symbol has become synonomus with youth, innovation, and of course mobile phone service. They have strongly marketed this brand to the youth with the knowledge that brand recognition has become more important than ever in an industry with so many customer options.Finally, Orange has had a finger on the pulse of, not only technology and innovation, but of the field of study of technology. Since 2000 there has been a huge growth in the communications field of education, and Orange has capitalized on this by keeping steady observation of rising stars in the field of Mobile Telecom. Orange has utilized its temporal and external environment to become a successful telecom company. By keeping up with trends, and pioneering so many practices that have become common-place, Orange has now become an industry leader in being able to recognize environmental trends and provide answers for the future.Question 2: What type of change do you think Orange was pursuing? In terms of the concepts and ideas put forward, particularly in Chapter 2, justify your views. As an organization in an already fairly established industry Orange was attempting a transformational type of change, also developmental change seemed to be something that was pivotal in the enterprise of this organization. Since the time of its official launch in 1994, to present day, Orange has been avid in establishing itself as a more wider social ntity rather than a specifically narrowly viewed service provider in an industry with a lot of alternatives. This very separation has been the catalyst of the transformational change that took place in the telecommunication industry with the launching of Orange. This change could be also more specifically described as discontinuous change due to the fact that Orange initially originated from a parent company that was government owned. Furthermore, the strategy pivotal to Orange’ s success has been significantly divergent from previously established strategies.Discontinuous change is defined by Grundy as â€Å"change which is marked by rapid shifts in strategy, structure or culture, or in all three† (Senior & Fleming, p. 46). The type of change that was pursued by Orange is developmental change. The parent company responsible for the establishment of Orange was France Telecom, which at one time was the monopolistic organization providing postal and telephone services in France. This fact is indicative of an executive team that was very experienced in traditional telecommunications establishments and industry nuances.However, rather than simply carry over that deeply rooted experience in a fashion of an identical duplicate, the executives of the newly formed Orange took a developmental approach and built upon well established concepts in order to achieve new heights in this competitive industry. By building new concepts and ideas unto a solid foundatio n of industry experience the Orange company was able to outdistance its competition fairly quickly and become an industry giant in a relatively short time-span.If one examines the wide history behind the formation of Orange, this type of change is clearly evident and is transformational in its implications. From the very onset the organization aggressively pursued a marketing campaign that separated them from being viewed as simply another service provider or manufacturer, or a symbiosis of both. The company steadily became an abstract social entity that related to customers on a deeper level then a simple service provider and therefore revolutionized the way it connected with its client base.In the industry plagued by deprived customer service Orange established itself as a beacon of exceptional customer service has been increasing its customer participation in leaps and bounds, which in turn made it the global entity it is today. Question 3: How far do you think the changes made h ave been appropriate to the environments in which Orange was operating? The changes that Orange has made are very appropriate for the environment (market) in which they operate. First, the most basic change they have made is distinguishing themselves as a provider of customer service, not as manufacturer and provider as a particular product.This avoided labelling as just another network provider, and definitely differentiated their firm from the other carriers in the markets where they operate. They operate on a looking forward basis, looking to increase the possibility of communication concentrating on the service and relationship with customers not just the individual transactions. Another change that was made was to have a name that couldn’t be cut out at a mobile services provider; unlike Rogers Wireless, T-Mobile.. etc the changes they made to the way they are branded themselves effectively.They chose a name that was abstract and unrelated to the telephone industry which was unconventional in that it showed a divergence from industry standards which has paid off for them. An abstract name that is not consciously tied to only one part of a person’s life gives the feeling of an all-encompassing service or entity in that person’s mind. This is appropriate given that Orange is aiming to enrich the customer’s life via their communication possibilities in an industry that is mainly transaction based and not geared towards customer service.Customer service changes they made were significant, being the first to provide â€Å"billing by the second† definitely would have put them in a category of their own at a time when other companies where billing by the minute. This change is consistent with their vision of embodying the future rather than just selling cell phones and products. Overall Orange has had great success by making changes to the way mobile telecommunication companies do business and are seen by consumers.Their brandi ng before and after their launch has reflected this as well, and considering their target market (the future) ,young people who use their mobile phones for more than emergency calls, their changes are very appropriate. After all it is the younger generations who will be more dependent on mobile communications as time passes accepting more services into their everyday life moving forward into the future†¦. and unlike the rest of the industry Orange has branded itself as the future which is very fitting. References Senior, B. & Fleming, J. (2006). Organizational Change (3rd ed. ). Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

WMDA

WMDA instance surveyThe architectural house, West Midlands Designers and Architects Ltd. ( WMDA ) , was a profit-making and successful concern three old ages age. A closely knit group built a friendly and harmoniousness atmosphere under the direction of Russell Quinn. There are 10 staff working for this design and architecture house. However, the market collapsed and economic system is on crisp downswing. WMDA has less work to manage. Under this circumstance, the foreman decides to happen an acceptable and just method to lay-off four staff in order that the house can go on to last in this competitory market. There are four possible methods to hold decide-making, but, which manner can be a just determination and how to make up one's mind who would be excess will be analyzed and explained below. Russell Quinn has considered four possible methods: Last in – first out ( LIFO ) ; Voluntary redundancy ; Selection on virtue ; Peer choice included. Every coin has two sides, these four methods besides have their ain strength and failing. First of all, LIFO is the easiest, simplest, traditional method. Additionally, a steady and long history company should necessitate some gifted and full of new thoughts immature employee, non all old and experience employee to pull off the house. On contrast, the freshman came to the house in a short period, therefore, the house has input less money and preparation on them. For illustration, Paul is a no experience fresher in the company and have non created some value or major part for the company. Even though the house may blow recruit and advertisement money spent earlier, it is the best manner to salvage money than lay-off an experience labour remaining in the house for several old ages. However, the house besides need to see if makes the youngest designers redundant, they may see the house has age favoritism. Another method is Voluntary redundancy. Employees own the sentiment that they have the right to take, non oblige to go forth, furthermore, they think the house esteem them in this pick. Hence, this method can let go of concern and fright of the other employee. However, this may non be a good method. First, it is non just wholly. The company normally has a predetermined program who will be laid off so that the top direction will use some method to coerce some staff, such as conversation, deduction and exert force per unit area, etc. Additionally, to a certain extent, it may be a venture for the company. Sometimes the house will lose some superb staff or some you want to go forth buttocks. In comparing, Selection on virtue is much more just. Every house wants to hold superb public presentation and value staff who has the capableness to convey benefit to the corporation. However, merely to detect one staff ‘s result can non judge it is superior or non. Working procedure may be important, for illustration, new employees have less chance and clip to make value and outstanding design, we can merely judge them harmonizing to working procedure. Last, Peer choice is non really utile. Even though the communicating and apprehension among employees are much better than director to employee, therefore, to some grades, equal assessment has valuable mention. However, under this circumstance, staff may all desire the house to utilize another method ( slash wage, take a vacation, work rotary motion, etc ) than make staff redundant. Furthermore, fondness may be when they submit names. As what has been analyzed above, merely to do usage of one method is non just and unreasonable. Integrated attack should be an appropriate manner. Virtually, the house should hold known its nonsubjective, long-run development mark good and travel over every item ( hypertext transfer protocol: //uk.askmen.com/money/career_200/248_how-to-lay-off-employees.html, accessed on Dec 20 2009 ) , public presentation assessment is a important and most utile method to mensurate staff, equal assessment besides can be valuable mention to judge staff ‘ contribution.. Some people may non be leave behind if their end are non equal to the involvement of the house. For illustration, Henry wants the company to diversify into new countries, the house is at low tide that there is non adequate money to put in another concern, which ne'er has invested before. Additionally, Hiroshi wishes Nipponese companies to put up in Britain, yet the fiscal state of affairs is non allow. In decision, the company is loath to lay-off employee. Hence, ne'er make a determination before punctilious deliberation. Harmonizing to the house ‘s monetary status and corporate involvement to do a long-run aim, so remain staff who can assist company to win the conflict. I recommend that the house should do out a theoretical account for development in future and communicate with all employee in the company often. It can assist protect against staff anxiousness and avoid staff job-hopping. Reward superior designers besides be a good manner to promote and back up the remainder of them as a consequence of morale and coherence betterment. On the other side, the house should esteem and back up the staff redundant. Recommendation missive and friendly salutation besides can be a good manner to comfort. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinahrd.net/ZHI_SK/jt_page.asp? articleid=178823, accessed on Dec 2 2009 )Reference & A ; # 65292 ;1, ZhiZhong Chen, Face Layoff Employee Correctly ( 2009 ) , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chinahrd.net/ZHI_SK/jt_page.asp? articleid=178823 & A ; # 65292 ; accessed on Dec 2 2009 2, Dimitri A.C. Ly, hypertext transfer protocol: //uk.askmen.com/money/career_200/248_how-to-lay-off-employees.html, accessed on Dec 20 2009

A Fantasy Story from Another World

The cat tried to remind me of my dignity by seeing the girl. But, as usual, when they see his young man, his hard and sunny eyes will soften. She is a naughty human girl from 4 to 5 years old who has sweet, blonde hair and blue eyes like the sky. Cats are currently caught in the most rude manner, his feet are hanging in the air, and his body remains tight in the space between her arms and the body. The girl turned and his golden blonde eyes slightly swollen. However, he was absurd but resisted. Fantasy: Another world of fairy tales. The definition looks simple, but it's not as simple as it sounds audible. This is an exquisite story of a fantastic fairy whose creation lives in a fantastic world that requires some important elements. Fairy Tales, J. R. R. Turkien plays the role of a chef and uses soup as a fairy tale. In order to realize the concept of fantasy, the author has created a secondary world for the reader. - High fantasy is a relatively new type introduced in the second half of the 19th century. Through this novel, authors have the opportunity to answer the big social problems winning in their lives. This matures this type as our culture progresses. High fantasy has rapidly evolved into a widely accepted and accepted type; George R.R What is a fantasy novel? Fantasy is a type that uses magic and other supernatural elements as the main plot. The story created by many authors tells the world of supernatural power and magic. Science fiction, fantasy, horror is a subtype of speculative fiction. Therefore, these three are closely related and are often misunderstood as the same. Several authors with little knowledge about genre differences may overlap. Scope of Fantasy Novels - Types of fantasies are mainly medieval shapes. But in a broader sense, in fantasy, many writers, filmmakers, artists, works of ancient legends and mythical musicians are included in many of the recent popular works I will. Fantasy novel works range from structural theory mainly to rum en space, medieval connection, and popular culture.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Econometrics formative assignment Research Paper

Econometrics formative assignment - Research Paper Example -0.067 31.280 0.260 *|. | *|. | 28 -0.079 -0.077 32.913 0.239 .|. | .|. | 29 -0.020 -0.019 33.016 0.277 .|. | .|. | 30 0.029 -0.015 33.237 0.312 .|. | .|. | 31 -0.029 -0.035 33.462 0.349 .|* | .|** | 32 0.183 0.197 42.344 0.104 .|. | .|. | 33 -0.019 -0.013 42.444 0.126 .|. | .|. | 34 0.027 0.042 42.636 0.147 .|. | .|. | 35 -0.052 -0.047 43.368 0.157 .|. | *|. | 36 0.019 -0.072 43.470 0.183 Correlogram for Vodafone Date: 08/17/09 Time: 21:05 Sample: 1/01/1990 12/31/2008 Included observations: 224 Autocorrelation Partial Correlation ACPAC Q-Stat Prob .|. | .|. | 1 0.002 0.002 0.0007 0.979 .|. | .|. | 2 0.019 0.019 0.0826 0.960 .|* | .|* | 3 0.182 0.182 7.6489 0.054 *|. | *|. | 4 -0.061 -0.063 8.4992 0.075 .|* | .|* | 5 0.146 0.145 13.451 0.019 .|. | .|. | 6 0.015 -0.021 13.502 0.036 .|* | .|* | 7 0.088 0.116 15.322 0.032 .|* | .|* | 8 0.132 0.076 19.422 0.013 .|. | .|. | 9 -0.027 -0.009 19.596 0.021 .|. | .|. | 10 0.048 -0.006 20.139 0.028 .|* | .|* | 11 0.153 0.140 25.713 0.007 .|* | .|* | 12 0.115 0.116 28.881 0.004 .|. | .|. | 13 0.006 -0.033 28.889 0.007 .|. | .|. | 14 0.009 -0.041 28.907 0.011 .|. | *|. | 15 -0.032 -0.083 29.153 0.015 .|. | .|....The two vertical lines in the first column enclose the 95% confidence interval. Id k that extends past the broken line, reject the null hypothesis that k = 0 at 5% level of significance. Otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis" (Danao). In this particular tests, the result for BARC, VOD and FTALLSH show that we do not reject the null hypothesis that k = 0. But for the GSK graph, the result is opposite. We have necessary proof to reject the null hypothesis. Decision Rule: "If the absolute value of the ADF Test Statistic is less than the value of the McKinnon Critical Values at the chosen level of significance, then the series has a unit root and is therefore non-stationary.

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Wayne Gretzky Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wayne Gretzky - Research Paper Example Their father Walter would teach Wayne (and his brothers Keith, Brent and Glen and their friends) hockey in his home’s backyard in a rink he had made. They nicknamed the rink ‘Wally Coliseum’ and here they would skate around bottles and cans, flip pucks over scattered hockey sticks to be capable of picking up the puck again while in full flight. He advised them to skate where the puck was heading and not where it had been. Wayne would go on to join a team of ten year olds at age six, and thereby starting a trend that more often saw Wayne always playing against those older than him. His first coach, Dick Martin, observed that Wayne played better than the 10 year olds did (Morrison, 1999). By the age of ten, Wayne had scored 375 goals with 139 assists in a single season during his time with the Brantford Nadrofsky Steelers. Time went by and his game grew to attract media attention and his reputation beyond his hometown. However, with his meteoric ascent came jealousy from some quarters as he was often booed during games. By 13, he had managed over 1,000 goals. As a result of growing hostilities from his hometown and the desire from his parents to see him improve even further, he was moved to Toronto where he would play his hockey (McConnell, Terry, Pocklington, and Nye, 2009). In June 12 1978, Racers’ owner Nelson Skalbania signed the 17-year old Wayne on a seven year contract. Here, he scored his first professional goal against Dave Dryden of the Edmonton Oilers in his 5th game. His second goal came in relatively quick succession, barely four seconds later. However, many were still unconvinced of his ability. At 18, critics said he was too small, wiry and slow to make it in the NHL as he was conspicuously underweight at 160 pounds (73 kilograms) compared to the year’s NHL average of 189 pounds. In the following year, Wayne Gretzky silenced his critics by breaking

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

CYBER BULLING A SOCIAL PROBLEM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CYBER BULLING A SOCIAL PROBLEM - Research Paper Example According to Wanamaker (2012), the abuses from cyber bullying are as hurtful to the victim as physical abuse. In most cases, it has resulted to low self-esteem and to some extent suicide. Cyber bulling is a developing social problem that needs social workers to tackle. Many social workers today are inadequately equipped to handle the issue between students. Because cyber bullying can lead to mental harm, the social workers do not have the right skills for handling the problem properly. Cyber bullying mostly occurs over the Internet hence it has become difficult for staff and social workers to monitor the issue. Since social workers are essential to school mental health services and offer crisis intervention services compared to staff members, they will be important in developing effective and accurate cyber bullying policies. People may claim that cyber bullying has declined, but the more people become aware of the problem they realize that many kids are involved in it. To those kids and teens involved, it has become a game given the anonymity associated with it. The anonymously that the Internet provides has highly encouraged cyber bullying. Due to this aspect of the Internet, cyber bullying has become an online version of teasing and cruelty that usually exists in schools. While the Internet provides anonymity, it also provides a wide range of opportunity to reach, many people as it is open to anyone. Therefore, since many people can access the Internet and the fact that it is difficult to establish who said what, this encourages people to use the Internet to bully others. Education is truly essential when it comes to cyber bullying. While the upcoming Internet-based networking sites might appear to challenge to any user, children and teens do not likely have the maturity of using these sites. The well-educated parents keep

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Performance Metrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performance Metrics - Assignment Example red that no performance related outcome was skipped, just as was the recommendation of Epstein and McFarlan (2011) for achieving effective performance measurement outcomes. Even though the metrics have been generally described as appropriate, there are a number of ways in which it could be improved for superior outcomes. In the first place, it was seen that the metric was more individualistic, as it only sought to score personal outcomes in the three behavior areas. This could have been improved by having a larger organizational yardstick against which each person’s score was pegged against. Once this was not done, it was possible to tell who performed best but it was not possible to tell if that best performer’s performance was at par or below what was expected at the organizational level. Secondly, the metric could have been improved if it was made a peer-reviewed one by making staff score their colleague members. If the organization did not have any metrics in place, I would have suggested the use of a performance feedback metric with the aim of ensuring that employees were not only rated but also made to be aware of any factors that informed their performance. Once such a move is taken, it will be assured that at the end of the performance measurement with the use of the metric, employees will clearly know areas of their work delivery that they ought to improve (Cravens, Goad Oliver & Stewart, 2010). Such improvement would subsequently lead to improved growth for the organization at

Monday, September 9, 2019

Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decision Making - Essay Example From this research it is clear that effective decision-making necessitates that the person making the decision understands the situation driving the decision, recognizes and defines it, identifies alternatives, chooses the best option and then puts it into practice. Problem solving is a logical, goal-oriented process that outlines the action necessary to solve a situation where the actual and expected are differentiated. The situation has no routine solution, or there is a thing that is not satisfactory and recognizes that problem as a chance forcoming up with a solution or decision that ought to be effected by a person or persons and which lastly, and importantly ought to be worthy resolving. The person solving the problem has more or less well defined objective and solution although it is not instantaneously clear how to achieve it.This paper declares that  the decision maker and problem solver ought to comprehend their achievements and desired accomplishments. The next step invo lves collecting and gathering the relevant information and data regarding the situation. It is apparent that some of the information will be out rightly available whereas some other critical data will need to be actively sought for.  For effectiveness, it is a good principle not to make decisions without critically important information regarding the situation.  Decision-making and problem solving processes are an exceptionally critical part in business.

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Toxicology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Toxicology - Research Paper Example Furthermore, epidemiologic studies have established that cigarette smoking seriously aggravates the symptoms of asbestosis and increases the risk of cancer. However, the synergistic interaction between tobacco smoking and inhalation of asbestos remains yet to be established and is subject to hypothesis. Asbestos as well as tobacco smoke is a well-established lung carcinogen. It is known that inhaled asbestos fibers remain in the lungs for years eventually assisting in the formation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species that subsequently cause excessive scarring, tissue injury, and cellular growth in the lungs via large scale loss of chromosomes. Although several hypothesis has been put forward to explain the multiplicative effects of asbestos and tobacco smoke, it is possible that asbestos fibers on the lungs surface concentrate the tobacco carcinogens thereby enhancing delivery of the large amounts of carcinogens to the nucleus of the target cell. Indeed, this hypothesis is s upported by a modeling experiment in which it was shown that phospholipids coating the lung epithelium adhere to the asbestos fibers, which ultimately enhance the hydrophobicity of the fiber (Gerde & Scholander, 1988).

Saturday, September 7, 2019

UNDERSTANDING STUDENT PLAGIARISM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UNDERSTANDING STUDENT PLAGIARISM - Assignment Example Along with concerns about plagiarism sit augmented burden to develop the business and proficient ethics of students both in the higher and lower education levels. In most forms of education levels, plagiarism is a desecration of academic demeanor of students, countless of whom will sooner or later become professionals and prospective business leaders. The expression â€Å"plagiarism† could be defined as ‘the act of pilfering words or thoughts that more often are not to be well thought-out as across-the-board knowledge’. Lawfully, the plagiarist mishandles another person’s work while assuming that he/she is the creator of the copied work. (PECORARI 2008) To sum up, preceding empirical researches have revealed that an array of factors relating to to scholar plagiarism such as principled potential, demographic variables, and ecological factors. On the other hand, it ought to be noted down that in each research only a classified figure of plagiarism-related asp ects or their associations with students’ imitative actions have been well deliberated. Earlier research on learner plagiarism recognized seven vital themes: The significance and milieu of plagiarism, The personality of plagiarism, How learners pick out plagiarism, How big a predicament is student copying?, What encourages learners to deceive?, The difficulties brought forward by digital copying; and the clamor for learners’ academic uprightness. (NEVILLE 2010) The Critique and analysis of the journals Nine most important factors relating to student copying are known as: Ethical potential, Consciousness, Academic incorporation, Perceptive Student copying, accounting learning, new know-how, intellectual influences, Institutional shore up, Pressures, and Demographic variables (Gou 2011) Even though a lot of observers have urged that advanced education institutions ought to take up a full-bodied deterrence approach to restricting academic deceit, this paper proposes that educators ought to incorporate a cooperative approach to encourage learners to operate in a sturdy, righteous demeanor. Propositions to educators to lower down the pervasiveness of student copying are discussed as follows. (1) Be aware of cultural influences. Learners’ cultural origin may origin tribulations for countless overseas learners. Academic and specialized progress ought to generate surroundings that deter copying by heartening acknowledgment of cultural multiplicity. Exceptional hard work ought to be made in assisting students to recognize and fit in to the on hand academic surroundings and in making sure that they are not being unjustly barred from the prerequisite of advanced education. Summer schools or establishment courses; for instance, ought to teach on these targets. (LITTLE 2011) (2) Take in ethics-related subjects. It is recommended that ethics-related subjects should be incorporated in the syllabus at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. (LAMPE RT 2008) This kind of educational involvement has attested to the constructive contact on learners’ ethical capability of appreciating and replying to principled dilemmas such as copying and cheating. The involvement is also necessitated by greater than before the claim by the public to enhanced professional principles of accountants. (3). Reassess the impact of novel technology on copying. The domino effect point to that the ‘new technology’ aspect was missing in psychometric links and as a result was unnecessary. (WANGAARD & STEPHENS 2011) This unanticipated result, even though being incoherent with numerous empirical studies, in fact warns us against completely blaming the hasty development