Ict and Disaster Risk Reduction: National and International Perspectives

The assignment encompasses the idea of ICT and its role in national and international perspective. ICT integration in Disaster Risk Reduction is a contemporary idea. Disaster losses can be some-fold reduced if it can integrate technologies with it. ICT can serve in a broader scheme when it comes to disaster risk reduction. The motto of this assignment is to narrate ICT's contribution internationally and compare it with national DRR measures. The data that are used in here are secondary data. Key words: ICT, DRR, National, International.INTRODUCTIONDue to the geographic location and geological settings, Bangladesh has to endure several life-threatening catastrophes (Islam et al. 2014). Previous disasters snatched so many valuable lives and destroyed a huge amount of property. In this scenario, it is imperative to think about measures that incorporate technologies in disaster schemes. Access to proper, reliable, timely information assists to a great extent in all phases of a disaster. Without reliable information, people often end up guessing a sketchy situation which leads to an uncertain situation (Wattegama 2014). ICTs have their own advantages that effectively serve in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction (ADPC n.d.). During disaster, receiving proper information becomes one of the basic needs. Proper respond requires correct and timely information dissemination. Thus, technology/ICT can serve in this arena rather than dissemination information manually. Recently, there is a growing awareness regarding incorporating ICT in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). ICT can help in shifting paradigm from conventional to comprehensive (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Current policy recognizes the importance of ICT in DRR; per se, Hyogo Framework for Action (ADPC n.d.). ICT provides the scope for proper coordination, management, relief distribution, search and rescue and so on. Although Bangladesh is a disaster prone country, it has set an example in shifting the paradigm of disaster; where ICT plays a role. ICT has contributed to shape the knowledge regarding disaster, disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). But in spite of having an infrastructural line up, there is no comprehensive system that designates roles and responsibilities among different organizations.PROBLEM STATEMENTThough ICT is a very important tool regarding reduce disaster risk, there are some limitations for which it cannot serve properly. First, there is a severe deficiency of experienced personnel to operate technological sector. Second, a lot of acts are stated but government is reluctant to enact them all. Third, there are not enough backup plans in case of power loss occurs. Because without power, most of the tools will not come in handy. Forth, a mass people are out of reaching the meteorological data, forecasting due to lack of medium.RATIONALE OF THE STUDYThe assignment is carried ou t with a view to acknowledging the existing pattern of ICT in the arena of Disaster Risk Reduction. With adequate references, it compares national and international scheme of DRR and role of ICT in this regard. As the concern of ICT is increasing with the pace of DRR in present time; it is essential to compare ICT in national DRR with international perspective.RESEARCH QUESTIONSThe following research questions were taken into account while doing the assignment. These are – What are the current ICT tools that are in use in DRR of Bangladesh and other countries? Is it possible to bring new dimensions in existing DRR pattern of Bangladesh?RESEARCH OBJECTIVESThe objectives are the following – To get an overview of ICT in DRR in national and international perspective. To suggest some ideas comparing the upper two perspectives.LITERATURE REVIEWDisaster cannot be eliminated totally but the loss due to it can be minimized (Hasan and Ayub 2015). For effective DRR, it needs spec ial attention from all sectors. ICT can help in this regards. It can play a pivotal role for reducing disaster risk. There are some traditional channels and emerging channels to serve in this regard (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh gained its popularity in the sector of Disaster Management for shifting into proactive measures from reactive measures. This was possible due to largely focusing on early warning, preparedness, welfare of people, reducing vulnerabilities and so on. Complexity and uncertainty is a part of eliminating disaster risk (Hasan and Ayub 2015). It varies with different context, type, distance, time. So, collecting and analyzing data manually is a comparatively hard job (Yap 2011). There ICT plays a significant role to highlight the risk zones, formulate different simulations to understand about upcoming extreme events. Early warning beforehand a disaster was developed with the help of mobile phone, radio/community radio, television, different software, satellite based data, GIS, remote sensing both nationally and internationally (Hasan and Ayub 2015). Among them radio, television, mobile phone is marked as the most valid tool. Because, hardly all the countries have access to internet as most of them are developing countries. But again they have some drawbacks- if they are switched off; people remain in dark about the upcoming disaster (Yap 2011). Satellite-based communication system can come in handy when ground internet, network is not at work. In Asian region, Thaicom's IPStar satellite has established for the broadest service network (Wattegama 2014). Bangladesh should make the best use out of it during disasters. The Indian Ocean tsunami (December 2004) made the world astonished. There was next to no warning measures and thousands of people were suddenly in front of giant killer waves. In the aftermath of the tsunami, several international meetings have been held and they came to a conclusion. That is to build to Multi Hazard Early Warning System in the regime of South-East Asia. Later Bangladesh also showed interest to this early warning system (Wattegama 2014). Lanka Software Foundation founded free and open source based software named ‘Sahana'. Which helped to find missing person showing electronic bulletin, organized donor organization, keep a virtual record of temporary camp, shelter. So, technology can help immensely when it comes to disaster. A disaster database – ‘DesInventar'; that stores up to 30 years of data helped 17 countries of North and South America. Later, inspired by this Orissa (India) created a database that contains data from 1970s. Again, the India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) is a web-enabled and GIS-based national database that collects and stores information such as different organizational expertise, details of equipment. So that, they can be mobilized quickly in the time of response (Wattegama 2014). A case study shows that during Haiti earthquake in 2010, the distressed people could send a SMS out of cost to the Haitian diaspora community. Then the outside community added location and passed it to different organizations, NGOs to accommodate relief for them. This set an example for two-way communication, which is very much significant during disaster. But this measure is absent from Bangladesh's disaster scheme (ADPC n.d.). Also, GIS is flourishing platform in DRR for creating baseline information for risk assessments. But due to lack of experts, the sector is remained untouched. In Bangladesh, National ICT Policy was enacted in 2009; and there is a wide range of activities are stated with a view to protect citizens through effective ICT management. It comprises reote sensing technologies for disaster management and mitigation, SMS based disaster warning system, efficient relief management and post-disaster activities monitoring, GIS based systems to monitor flood ; cyclone shelters, GIS based systems to ensure equitable distribution of relief goods and identify hard to reach areas and so on (MSICT 2009). Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO), Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), Flood Forecasting Warning Centre (FFWC), Center for Environmental and Geographic Information Services (CEGIS), Institute for Water Modeling (IWM) and other organization work relentlessly in DRR sector with the help of technology in Bangladesh (MSICT 2009). And they are trying to add new dimension in early warning system as a part of disaster risk reduction.RESEARCH GAPBangladesh is lagged behind when it comes to technological advancement. There is much opportunity to contribution in this section. For example, in the previous section, there is mentioned about the two-way communication system that helped Haitian distressed people. As that is absent from Bangladesh DRR implementation, it could be introduced from a new angle. Two way communications cannot help only during disaster, but also in pre-disaster situation. There could be a free portal/line that would only take suggestions, com plaints regarding the existent problem for a specific society.METHODOLOGYThe assignment is conducted by reviewing and using secondary sources. The assignment mostly followed the researches, papers, articles where secondary data are used immensely and qualitative in manner. Conceptualization was the first step doing this assignment. A mind map was created while selecting and reviewing the data. The data were collected in the manner that supports the idea of the topic.CONCLUSIONICT is only a tool that can be used for mitigate, preparedness, response purpose. The effect of ICT lies in how it is used for reducing disaster risk. This is the key challenge. Again, most of the disaster prone countries are developing countries. They have little access to internet other than radio, television. In this situation it is difficult to set an ICT-based DRR system. Some governments are also negligent when it comes to incorporate ICT in the national disaster scheme. It is time to realize that ICT is not only a mere tool; actually it can serve in a broader sense for reducing disaster risk and achieving sustainable future. It can be beneficial to all concerned stakeholders, non government- government bodies, donor agencies and more. An all out effort should be made for proper cooperation and coordination, building experts and last but not the least mainstream technology in the existing disaster risk reduction practices.ReferencesAsian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) n.d., ICT for Disaster Risk Management, viewed on 11 October, 2018, link: https://www.preventionweb.net/files/47520_ictfordisasterriskmanagement.pdfAyo, CK, Adeboye, AB and Gbadeyan JA 2011, Application of ICT to Resource and Disaster Management, Sustainable Development and Environmental Protection, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77-86.Hassan, M and Ayub, A 2015,  Role of ICT in natural disa ster management of Bangladesh (Doctoral dissertation, BRAC University).Islam, ARMT, Tasnuva, A, Islam, MT and Haque, MR 2014, Management Approach to Disaster Scenerio in Bangladesh: An Overview, Int. J. Sci. Res. Pub, vol.4, no. 3, pp. 1-7.Ministry of Science and Information ; Communication Technology (MSICT) Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2009, National ICT Policy – 2009, July 2009Wattegama, C 2014, ICT for disaster management.Yap, NT 2011, Disaster management, developing country communities & climate change: The role of ICTs,  Manchester: Report, eds. R, Heeks and A, Ospina for IDRC, Centre for Development Informatics, Insitute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.

Criminal and Gang Members Anonymous Essay

Criminal and Gang members Anonymous is a program which involves a 12 step established by Richard Mejico. Criminals and Gang members Anonymous is a dogmatic and a non-profit organization whose primary aim is to help individuals who are honestly willing to quit gang involvement. The organization chief objective is to help criminals and gang members who honestly want to quit from gang and other criminal activities. They offer an alternative lifestyle free of illegal and violent activities through 12 step principles of recovering from devastating addictions. The organization is driven by their principal goal and welcomes all interested members to quit dreadful effects of gang operations. The organization acknowledges that gang involvement is intertwined to other compelling and addictive habits. The gang involvement may be addictive since they may be in form of co-dependency or in form of chemical dependence. The organization achieve to help these members to abandon from gang activities by helping them identify the magnetic force of gang manipulation that initiates compelling actions that have repugnant results. CGA members are addicted to destructive activities including hard drugs. These members have experienced a lot and they recognize that the end results of gang operations and destructive behavior is physical impairment, incarceration or death. Their wish is to help gang members abandon these addictive criminal activities and help restructure their communities rather than destruction. The following 12 steps of CGA will help these gang members quit from devastating past and lead decent lives. Reviewing the pat and admitting lack of guts to control addiction from any form of illegal activity which make life unmanageable and worthless. Become willing and believe that change is possible by learning from ex-gang members who have passed the path of recovery by learning the end results of destructive behaviors. Deciding to abandon destructive behaviors in exchange of moral principles and seeking God’s care, guidance and protection. Thorough review of the past, making a list of the right and wrong deeds and make reform strategies. Seeking forgiveness from God, ourselves and people around as well as confessing our illegal activities to a trusted person. Make personal commitment of abandoning illegal behaviors and focus on living manageable and decent lives through moral principles. Honest recognition of the shortcomings whenever bad thinking comes up and immediately rectifying our actions and thinking. Making a thorough list of all the destructive actions, realize the impact of gang activities in our lives and become fully committed to undergo reform. Asking for forgiveness from the people who were harmed and avoiding causing more harm. Admitting to take daily records of the behavior and have courage to admit the wrong. Seeking to improve spiritual awareness through mediation and prayer and asking for forgiveness and guidance in living decent lives, being responsible and caring for others. Realizing spiritual awakening by implementing the 12 steps and share first hand experience to other people who are willing to quit gang activities, assuring them that change is possible and living appropriately. Richard was sentenced to death for murder case in the Mule Creek prison. He was a hard core gang member, but he learnt a lot from Big Book of Alcoholics Anonymous. He was given this book by a nun who visited him and changed his way of thinking and living. The book helped him to understand that change was possible and the teachings could be applied to criminals. Richard started to change other inmates and started CGA in 1997. The growth of youth gang and gang violence is being experienced in the modern society. There is an approximate of 3000 gangs with around 800000 gang members in America. Professionals are researching for appropriate strategies of saving the youths from gang crimes. The youths usually get involved in gang activities since they believe there are no alternative lifestyles. Building trust is one of the major barriers towards assisting the youth to abandon these gang activities. In order to get helped these criminals must acknowledge that they are addicted to these des tructive behaviors. These criminals and gang members should also understand the end results of their actions which will help them to take necessary measures. Gang and criminal activities are deeply rooted to a twisted way of thinking. Criminals and gang members think that the advice and opinions from others are inappropriate. They tend to talk more, but they never say what they feel. Their true friendship is basically with addictive behavior, illegal activity or chemical substance. They tend to think that going to school is less significant and reject fundamental principles of success. Principles of success help people to learn on how to live. The existence of gang members and criminals is characterized with confusion and anger thus they tend to seek gratification and relief from alcohol and drugs as well as being violent to others without any valid reason. They only feel life to revolve around them, their needs and wants and never consider other people’s feelings and opinions. They think they are hunters, yet they are hunted since they rarely find peace and harmony. These gangs and criminals have come to realize that change is pos sible and has chosen to undertake reform programs. Organizations and rescue centers have been founded to enhance radical transformation of the gangs and criminals as well as society’s attitudes toward the offenders. They also encourage the society to have positive attitude towards treatment of these offenders (Alexander, 2000). Homeboy industries is an organization that was formed to transform the live of offenders. They serve risky ex-gang members by offering free services and programs and also operate several social enterprises which serve as job-training centers. In 1972, Soledad Enrichment Action Inc. was found. Soledad Enrichment Action Inc. is a non-organization that was found by mothers who had lost their loved ones in gang violence.SEA has grown from a humble beginning to a famous service provider to high risk people, gang victim communities and families around Southern California. SEA main objective is to empower families, youth and communities by providing them with resources, guidance and support. SEA currently operates seventeen education centers, where they provide alternative education model to families and the youths. Their education program is personalized and hence enables high-risk persons to earn high school diploma. SEA admits an estimate of 3500 students per year who are the age of 14-1 8. SEA has a 77% successful completion due to their intense focus and rigorous standards. SEA provide intervention, civic engagement, reintegration, and support to victims of crime. SEA’s holistic program encourage individuals to learn to become better parents, accessing social services, gain employment, live successful lives, and completing high school education. SEA works with victims by helping them realize their potential, where they are, and help them to create a success path. SEA uses a multi-faceted approach to succeed in their objectives. The L.A. gang violence prevention and intervention program to be held in 2014 is focused in determining the initial cause of gang violence and come up with resolutions to combat those causes. Research reveals that social determinants and multiple environmental impacts push young youth into gang involvement. These factors include; poverty, early childhood trauma, addiction to the lifestyle, structural racism, traumatized communities, parenting as well as violent culture in the community. Abuse which includes substance abuse, sexual abuse and mental health might also be causal factors to gang involvement. Change should start from within rather than expecting others to initiate change. However, many people confuse the world change with system change because they believe that it is challenging for an individual or a single organization to transform the entire system. Another organization that transforms lives of offenders is Californians for Safety and justice. Californians for Safety and Justice is a nonprofit oriented organization which works with Californians from different walks of life to replace justice and prison system waste in general reforms that create a conducive community. Through partnership, public education, public advocacy as well as support to local best practices, California for safety and justice is able to promote effective criminal justice objective aimed at preventing cycles of crime and enhancing a peaceful community. Californians for Safety and Justice has a network of more than 5800 crime victims. The organization coagulate community and business leaders, law enforcement, health professionals, policymakers, crime prevention professionals and educators to replace expensive, old fashioned approaches of conducting business using latest justice priorities that advance public safety without depleting resources from social amenities. Californians for Safety and Justice is greatly supported by other foundations with similar objectives. Beit T’Shuvah is another residential and treatment center. Their services include family counseling, support, prevention programs, professional training and court advocacy to the community. The treatment admission programs that Beit T’shuvah offers include sex addiction, drug addiction, gambling addiction, alcohol addictions and other violent behaviors to male and females. The mission of rescue and reform centers is to strengthen and unify voices of individuals and other members of the organizations who are committed to abandon the epidemic of gang violence through provision of resources, education and policy advocacy. These gang and criminals wish to abandon destructive behaviors since they acknowledge that they jeopardize community health, build up and initiate health inequalities. There is relationship between gang, drugs, firearm violence and firearm accessibility. There is high prevalence of gun violence and homicide in many European countries. In order to combat gang and criminal activity, it is vital to understand the role of drugs and gangs in enhancing violence. Acknowledging the trend and reasons behind gun violence increase especially among youthful gangs has become an issue of concern. Governments have designed and implemented various policies aimed at reducing gun violence, however, some pose more harm than good. The increased gang violenc e can be associated by the increase in urban street gangs. Most firearm homicide cases have been associated to wars among groups of youth and gangs who are involved in the drug activities (Alexander, 2000). The ex-gang members explain how gang destructive behavior is associated to gun availability and drugs. Participation in gangs increases the probability of the youths getting involved in guns. Violence is a complex issue which governments are unable to control through regulation to gun access. The limits to private ownership of firearms aim at cutting down the access of firearms by the offenders. However, the criminals still access firearms from black markets. Richard Mejico, the founder of CGA recognized that his glory was destructive thus he started the mission of requesting his fellow prisoners to abandon gangs and prison lives. The organization is also likely to cut down crime outside the prison. On September 21st, the officials held 65 corrections and politicians in a forum set for CGA. This forum aimed at spreading the organization. Mejico and at least 30 robbers, rapists, and killers testified how the program had changed their lives. Mejico criticized people’s view of ga ng members; he said that they have fear and all they need is love from the society. They should not be asked about what they have done since that is their past rather people should focus on helping them to reform. They can learn to love the same way they learn violent behaviors. Retrieved from http://www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584 CGA program has spread since its humble beginning at Mule Creek in 1997, where inmates are transferred to other prisons. Mejico’s objective is to inspire others to spread the program in schools, communities and prisons. He also added that he did not start the organization for recognition, but because it saved his life. Mule Creek spokesperson said that Mejico served two years imprisonment for killing a man who defiled his girlfriend. Two months later, Mejico committed another murder for his group in Los Angeles. This was a double murder and he was sent to death line. In the prison, he gained reputation as the Mexican mafia due to other gang members’ loyalty. A nun regularly visited him at San Quentin State prison and pestered him to abandon gang activities. He usually listened but he never changed until the Supreme Court ruled out that his death sentence be changed into life imprisonment in 1978. He also acknowledged that change is strategic and not immediate. Mejico st udied degree in psychology in San Jose University. Alcoholics Anonymous program is another field that he pursued, but it did not touch his issues. He came to understand how he developed hatred since his girlfriend was raped. He came to understand that his hatred was initiated by emotions rather than any reason. The first step for the people undertaking the program is to admit that their lives are not manageable. Then they should research on what propelled their deviance, look for divine growth and formulate amendments with victims. In a meeting at Mule Creek prison, prisoners testified of how their youthful pains initiated violent crimes. One of the prisoner by the name Willie, spoke of how his hate for his abusive and often abusive dad. His father’s meekness propelled him to kill to get behind bars. Willie also stabbed a man in the prison. He also admitted of how he was addicted to destructive behavior. Mejico said that the resentment force driving violent actions should not be an escape goat. Being honest and humble with one self and cutting short the false comfort of gangs or crime is very significant to achieving transformation. Mejico acknowledge that there is additional tranquility for the potential victims who are undertaking the program. A 26 year old prisoner, Joey Ray Lucero who pleaded guilty for attempted murder came to learn that gang life is wrong. While serving his sentence at Mule Creek prison, he joined CGA and he is currently helping potential victims to abandon their destructive behavior. He is also undertaking lectures at East Los Angels College where he also joined football club. Lucero said that he was raised in San Diego as a third-generation member of a gang in his neighborhood. His peers were heroin addicts where he was shown to be loyal to show no pain to the gang. Lucero said, â€Å"†You spend all those years fighting for a street corner or number or color that isn’t yours, lot of bloodshed – five, six generations – for what?† He regrets he cannot pay a visit to his old neighborhood because of the fear of being killed for betraying his gang members. On the other side he is happy since the CGA program had completely changed his life. Mejico believes that he can spre ad the program through CGA website and writing letters to the public as well as other potential victims. He also said that offenders should speak out their problems so that they won’t harm anybody. He also asked people to support his mission since he is still serving his life sentence. Retrieved from http://www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584 In conclusion, CGA is a very significant program that helps offenders to understand that being courageous is not characterized by actions of violence to earn praise from the gang members. True courage can be defined as the act of doing what is right and best to ourselves. It is the ability of refusing being manipulated by other and taking positive direction to achieve decent and manageable lives. Gang and criminal activities is an addictive behavior and should be addressed just like any other epidemic. The first step towards transformation is for the potential victims to realize that their lives are unmanageable followed by identifying what initiated their deviance. This will help them seek spiritual growth and in making amendments with other victims. The offenders should also believe that change is possible; however, it is gradual rather than immediate. References Seeking freedom from gangs’ grip – Criminals and Gangmembers Anonymous . (n.d.). http://www.gblc.se/. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http://www.gblc.se/2013/11/16/seeking-freedom-from-gangs-grip-criminals-and-gangmembers-anonymous-19253584 Alexander, R. (2000). Counseling, treatment, and intervention methods with juvenile and adult offenders. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Promising and model crime prevention programs. (2008). Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre. Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles – Who We Are. (n.d.). Violence Prevention Coalition of Greater Los Angeles – Who We Are. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http://new.vpcgla.org/who-we-are Source document

Biography of Henry David Thoreau

Biography of Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts. As a poet and essayist, he was sending a good life. Sadly, he was pasted on Concord on May 6, 1862. In the first year of his life, his family moved, but returned after five years. He grew up in the village and later reached masculinity. His favorite villages are forests, streams and meadows. He is the third child of the family. As his life expanded and made new friends, he established friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson. This year's favorite book is a biography of Laura Dassow Walls' Henry David Thoreau, he lives in Concord, Massachusetts, lives with Emerson, Hawthorne, Al, Technology weakens the ability to learn through observation Thinking that we might make it, we can find the answer on Google, but what is the importance of discovery? Thoreau from 1820 to 60 years and the explanation of New England life are attractive Biography of Henry David Thoreau Henry David T horeau was born on July 12, 1817. He was born in Concord, Massachusetts. As a poet and essayist, he was sending a good life. Sadly, he was pasted on Concord on May 6, 1862. In the first year of his life, his family moved, but returned after five years. He grew up in the village and later reached masculinity. His favorite villages are forests, streams and meadows. He is the third child of the family. - Henry David Thoreau Walden's Walden, Henry David Thoreau's first person is about events and ideas when he lived in Walden Pond in the '800s. Henry David Thoreau is a poet and philosopher who lives a simple life to build a direct connection between people, gods and nature. He thinks that knowledge is intuitive power, not logical proof of learning. In the work of Henry David Thoreau, he has explored another more thoughtful lifestyle. Thoreau is a student of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson gave Thoreau the property at Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts; Thoreau spent two years here. Thoro ugh's social experiment demands him to separate him from society, become individuals, and learn from his experience. Emerson gave the facility of Walden Pond to Henry David Thoreau. - Lincoln is believed to struggle for racial equality When he believes African Americans are inferior, the image that people give to him is not true, radical radical Republican reconstruction It will be promoted to the era of. The thoughts of many people, even when they were tested, or even their own inference. Compared with reality, Henry David Thoreau's ideas and ideals did not go well.

The Murder of President John F. Kennedy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Murder of President John F. Kennedy - Essay Example Although, many of them surfaced with slanted hypotheses and responses, there has been no exact ending of the assassination of JFK. In the course of their studies however, they have significantly subjected the way the Americans think what had occurred during the JFK murder through their prejudiced interpretation similarly. Past sequence of events whether published or in cinema cover same the features - as they all are prone to the analyses of the history writers; the explanations of the whole story and incidents; naming of the hero and villain; and they all are predisposed to the common reception of the public. That's why, any sequential part of storyline is helpless without a hodgepodge of representation (or the communication) and the reception (of the communication) by the public. In its place there are some logicians who are vigilantly prejudiced in the curiosity of the psyche of the publics. Therefore these theorists are more worried about the past exactness and portrayals of the historical incidents - they are the same who consider themselves that are in charge of bearing a "great civilization" to the next generations. The countless films and published stuff created by them not only have created the resources of knowledge of the past but also a support to accept the incidents they present as our right inheritance. They maybe named themselves as the "makers" of narrative accounts but how do we evaluate their alleged "genuineness" One of the leading ways to evaluate is to study expert views regarding a specific event and then ponder on the end results of it. For instance, in Mark C. Carnes (1995) "Past Imperfect", the author summarized this very reality by spelling out a variety of past episodes evaluated by professional views. He interviewed sixty two renow ned historians, press, and other establishment to remark on past movies that pat upon their field of skills. Convinced that past movies have become "a great storage area of past awareness in this U.S. of Amnesia," these professionals evaluate the movies' past exactness and scrutinize how their portrayals of past incidents and figures compare with modern historiography. However, through the professional views one can not only evaluate of the accuracy of the specifics represented in "selective past papers" but also whether the exact representation had strayed the interviewer's insight too. As said by Carla Rahn (Mark 1995, p. 60), though many academics have pursued the past stature of Christopher Columbus yet only the 1949 movie version by Frederic March looks like to fit the whole story relating to his personal life. In history movies therefore, past exactness is evaluated by the change in literary incident, transcendence of the legend into myth, analysis of the history as well as the strength of the history that may make the reality. Even though it's an observable fact that people who are not au fait with the history are liable to trust history writers to wean past information so as to re-enact the specifics and incidents (p. 64). Take the incident of JFK's murder for instance; several would believe that, Lee Harvey Oswald, is a psychopath and a nuts held guilty for JFK's shooting while there are others who are significant of the whole story and experiences adjoining the shooting. As David Lubin

Writing a thesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing a thesis - Essay Example The difference comes about when some definitions refer to euthanasia as the act that allows the physician to deliberately end a terminally ill patient’s life in order to avoid unnecessary suffering and pain (NHS 2013). When the two definitions are compared, there is a small difference between them. However, whether one will call it assisted suicide or euthanasia, the end result for both of the acts is that, they both assist a terminally ill person to commit suicide and take away their lives. This paper is therefore aimed at supporting and stating the reasons why I take the position that, assisted suicide should be allowed. Many a times, we suffer from ‘diseases’ of life that we already know cannot be cured such as life at old age. Sometimes we end up being bedridden in a lot of sufferings and pain for so many years even after having been confirmed to by the doctors that we cannot recover from our illness and we wouldn’t get out of our situation unless we die. People have been involved into fatal accidents that have resulted in the victims losing certain fundamental organs of their body, hence remaining into conditions of surviving through assisted life care. Such assistance normally do not last for long, and the doctors normally already have the information about the situation and already know that the victims will die sooner or later, but after a lot of sufferings and pain. Some patients, normally after knowing their health conditions are those that would not bring them back to life, but only full of sufferings in the hospitals or at home, go ahead to sign a life ending note that states to the doctor in-charge of their health condition to assist them terminate their lives and avoid suffering and pain if the reality of the situation is that they wouldn’t get well again. This is normally an act that is done to them after they have given up in life, and

Summary paper over Careers in Psychology Article

Summary paper over Careers in Psychology - Article Example Moreover, psychologists can also render valuable services in administrative and managerial departments. Like departments and professions, the work places of the psychologists also vary according to their proficiency. The most common places for the psychologists include schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, health centres, clinics and police stations. The degree of psychology offers the graduates and most graduates very lucrative, handsome and attractive remunerations and salaries, which is more than sufficient to lead a very respectable life in society. Psychologists are properly educated and trained in their respective fields in order to obtain the proper benefit of their skill and knowledge. The writer cites the Labour Department of the USA, according to which the psychologists climb the career growth ladder much faster than other professionals, because they are given significant motivation and salary revision so that they can work more diligently while paying their services to the individuals and institutions. Though, the status of the psychology undergraduates is far lower than that of postgraduates and doctorates, yet the undergraduates can also find their career in some comparatively trivial departments. On the contrary, the individuals having psychology degree at graduate level or above can seek wide variety and divergent range of career opportunities. There are numerous specialty areas in psychology, offering a wide range of career options. Some fields concentrate on research, while others focus on practical applications of psychological principles. Specific specialty areas in psychology include clinical psychology, educational psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, and social psychology. You can learn more in this article: Specialty Areas in Psychology What do Psychologists Do?: Psychologists work in a wide range of professional areas. Mental health, academics,

Graphic Design and its Influence on Popular Culture and Consumerism Outline

Graphic Design and its Influence on Popular Culture and Consumerism - Outline Example It links the topic to available information and research on graphic design and influence on popular culture and consumerism. Literature review serves to show the extent to which the topic has been covered and the availability of information on the topic of discussion. Research questions are questions that are geared to find the cause and effect relationship or the influence of graphic design on popular culture and consumerism. It will show the scope of coverage of the topic in terms of information capture ability. The methodology section of the paper should build on the description of methods outlined in the proposal. This will be the description of the participants and subjects who took part in the study. It will also describe the tests and other measurement procedures used in the study. The results section of the paper will summarize the data collected and the details of the statistical treatment of that data. After a short assertion of the results or findings of the study, the data will be reported in satisfactory detail that will justify the summaries. Tables and illustrations (if any) will be used to report data because these methods are essential in presenting the data in a more clear and economical manner. All tables and illustrations used will be mentioned in the text with appropriate titles and explanations that will help make them easy to understand. In the discussion section, the results will be summarized, evaluated, and interpreted with respect to the original research questions and hypotheses that will be indicated in the paper. In this section, it will be necessary to examine, interpret, and qualify the results, as well as to draw inferences from them. Theoretical and practical consequences of the results and the validity of conclusions will be suitably discussed in this section. The limitations of the study and suggestions for future work will also be included.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 24

Communication - Essay Example Professional communication skills, especially strategic, leadership and organizational communication help individuals to develop competence in communication in their areas of expertise (Birkinshaw, 10). Most individuals who take up Masters’ degree classes in Communication are professionals seeking to enhance their knowledge in communication beyond basic communication. Aside from training students on essential communication skills, the institution works to instill a passion for theoretical and intellectual discovery that goes beyond the expectations of the course and the career objectives of students. The UCCS encourages students to undertake their own research into communication as a discipline. This research is supplementary to the lessons learnt in class that are ascribed to communication such as essential skills of effective communication and the application of these skills to different relevant settings (McKay & Martha, 79). According to the program’s homepage, the expectation upon graduation is that every student will possess an advanced and broad-based understanding and knowledge of the processes of communication and the theories concerning organizational communication relevant to the student’s area of interest. This is important, considering the fact that in any career, communication is imperative to performing well (Birkinshaw, 18). Knowledge and understanding of organizational communication enables a professional to relate well with his or her colleagues at the workplace. Issues such as the effective delivery of instructions espouse satisfactory performance, which leads to effectiveness in undertaking duties (Worth, 40). The program also intends to equip every student with communication skills. Communication skills entail the analysis of contexts and critical thinking. With regard to critical thinking, students are taught to process

Technology management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Technology management - Assignment Example (Use that answer to explain you decision as CEO) Spreading breweries all over China is a better than building one huge brewery because of a breakdown of one of the breweries others will serve the market with the product. Anheuser-Busch InBev has the largest brewery in the world and it has managed to get its products worldwide through establishment of several branches of breweries in many nations. Setting up several branches has enabled the company to cut down the cost of exporting the products from a single source (Esterl, 2013). Partnering of Anheuser-Busch InBev with already established brewers in China is a perfect idea as it assists the company to market its brands along with already products in the market. The idea also reduces competition that the rival companies may offer in the market as the completion may lower profits (Esterl, 2013). Off shoring is a way of outsourcing an enterprise in another nation to enhance the growth of the company. For instance, Anheuser-Busch InBev Company setting up its breweries in china is a form of off shoring in order to tap a market that other brewers have not fully satisfied with the product (Esterl, 2013). The top five beer consuming countries in terms of the total amounts of beer drink are, China, America, Brazil, Germany and Russia. The best strategy for the InBev company to market its products in one of these heavy beer consuming nations is by partnering with the local beer producing companies to ease competition of its products with the local rivals in that country (Esterl,

Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation Essay

Comprehensive Analysis Outline and Presentation - Essay Example It is much to the favor of Wine Selling Place to choose this particular region of the country due to the limited business restrictions here and to ensure that the organization can expand or improve distribution with limited governmental regulation and influence. There are over 60 million potential customers in Italy, a nation that is well-known for its diverse tastes and preference for wine as a household beverage. The country is currently experiencing a 1.3 percent growth rate in GDP, suggesting that this particular nation in Europe has overcome some of the economic troubles currently plaguing many European nations. Inflation is a moderate 1.6 percent, much lower than many other industrialized nations. This provides opportunities to cater the business’ wine products to those with moderate household incomes that can afford high quality or even lower cost wine without concern over lack of disposable income due to increasing economic restraints related to inflationary environments. As with most companies, the first method of procuring finance is to assess the viability of banking loans. Italy maintains many different banks that are regulated by EU finance ministers and those that have well-respected international reputations (i.e. Barclay’s, etc). Financing can be achieved through the production of a detailed, well-researched business plan and then presented to banking representatives for approval based on credit worthiness and future strategic business planning. Additional funding sources include the local Chamber of Commerce, financial institutions associated with the European Union, reimbursable grants from various agencies designed to foster growth in small businesses, and even subsidies. Seeing that Italy is highly involved with the World Trade Organization and also promotes small business growth through

China Currency Exchange Rate Essay Example for Free

China Currency Exchange Rate Essay The currency regime adopted by China is neither fixed nor flexible exchange rate system. China has announced in 2005 the â€Å"end of its firm peg against the dollar, instead allowing it to trade within a narrow band against a basket of currencies.† China regime is managed floating system where the currency increases very slowly year by year and the China government prevent the currency from changing quickly in the short term. The reason why Chinese government intervene in the currency market is to lower exchange rate to increase employment, maintain a fixed rate to maintain stability and improve their current account deficit. China government manage its currency rate by buying foreign currencies to increase supply of China currency, therefore lowering its currency value. They also lower the value of its currency by lowering their interest rates. In the case of China, it is very difficult and challenging for them to adopt the fixed exchange rate system due to their disadvantages. Firstly, China government must always adjust its interest rate so maintain the exchange rate. Changing the interest rate frequently will cause fluctuations in investments and growth and also stable employment. There is also a possibility that the export rate may be set at the wrong level. For example, if it was set at a higher level, this could affect China export competitiveness and their domestic market will suffer. Question 4b Though China has been heavily criticised by some foreign countries like USA for their practice, there are some advantages to managed flow system. Firstly, the managed flow system will ensure stability in China compared to floating. This is because if China suddenly appreciate their currency, their exports production will suffer and there will be lots of unemployment as a result. However there are disadvantages to managed floating system as well. People will try to challenge the earn funds from the currency as this system is very prone to speculative attack. Experiences have shown that speculative attacks could decrease the growth of a country’s gross domestic product by 6 percent or more.

Laid-Back Parenting Essay Example for Free

Laid-Back Parenting Essay Erin Zammett Ruddy wrote the article â€Å"The New Laid-Back Parenting† where she identifies whether a parent can exercise laid-back parenting efficiently in a hover-parenting culture and not take it to the extent of neglect. Practicing laid-back parenting has its challenges where it is tempting for the parent to snap back into an overly involved mode. Some people who do not practice the laid-back parenting method may frown upon it. The author presents an interesting perspective on how the use of a less hovering approach to parenting allows a child to be independent, confident and resourceful individuals in the future. â€Å"The New Laid-Back Parenting† article demonstrates that over-involved parenting can have a negative influence, later on in a child’s life. Hence, the child is not able to handle certain situations on their own without the help of their parents trying to do everything for them. Subsequently, the child is completely dependent on their parents for decision making and other issues. This is in contrast to the laid-back parenting approach where it encourages a child to think and do things independently, to a certain extent. The article explains how a parent can live a balanced lifestyle which involves being a parent, spouse and enjoying leisure at the same time. Also, the article gives an illustration of when the use of laid-back parenting has gone too far by the parent. Given these points, the author seems in favor of laid-back parenting as being the most fit, when raising a child. Early on in the article, the author provides quotes from historian Pamela Haag Ph.D. Haag states, that parenting, Its something you do intensively, rather than a status you have† (Ruddy, 2013). This source is reputable  because it is coming from someone who has their PhD in cultural history, who most likely spends years studying the role of a parent in various cultures. This statement relates to the author’s topic and serves as a support to the argument which makes it relevant and consistent with the article. Another fact that the author mentions is, â€Å"Indeed, a new study at the University of Mary Washington found that over-involved parenting, which can extend well into young adulthood, may even be damaging long-term†(Ruddy,2013). The source that the author uses is credible due to the fact that the study was done at the Washington University. However, if the author had included a few more Universities that have conducted the same study and arrived at a simil ar conclusion that hovering parenting results in negative effects on a child’s life, it would create more proof for the article. Moreover, the author provides the evidence that over-involved parenting is least effective when raising a child. Overall, the author’s use of facts re-enforces and supports the article stance on laid-back parenting. An opinion is clearly stated, when the author explains that â€Å"‘Parent’ is a verb rather than a noun today(Ruddy,2013) This opinion enforces the idea and function of what parenting is by emphasizing and comparing the role of parenting in the author’s point of view. The explanation gives support that parenting is a responsibility. Also, â€Å"Less parenting means more ‘you’ time† is an outlook the author uses to convey a balance life of being a parent. Still, it seems as if the author uses laid-back parenting as a convenient way to do other things, other than being a parent. Thus, the author appears to be somewhat selfish in her thoughts. Nevertheless, the opinion is supported by how less hovering results in more time to do other activities in her life. Also, the points of view provided by parents who practice laid-back parenting functions as an opinion and provide support for the article. However, this seems bias because the author did not include the views of parents who do not practice laid-back parenting. In all, the author expresses her view points and how beneficial it is to promote less over-involved parenting. In conclusion, the author relates her idea of parenting and lean towards laid-back parenting as being the most effective method when raising a child.  The author believes that this type of parenting will have a positive impact on children as they progress into adulthood. A Less hovering parenting style results into sheer benefits for both the parent and child. As a result parents have more time to incorporate other activities in their lives while the child is learning to face life challenges independently and efficiently. Reference RUDDY, E. (2013). THE NEW LAID-BACK PARENTING. Parenting School Years, 27(6), 47-48

Community Safety Initiatives | Evaluation

Community Safety Initiatives | Evaluation INTRODUCTION Purpose of this paper is to discuss the main problems confronting those who must evaluate community safety initiatives. In order to do this, the paper first provides an overview of the problem. This is followed by an analysis of support and initiative by governments, technical difficulties, access to data, political pressure, and utilisation. COMMUNITY SAFETY EVALUATION The initial challenge facing every community safety initiative is to meet crime reduction targets whilst also implementing preventative measures to ensure long-term reductions in crime and disorder. Arguably, high quality evaluation can play a role in this as it can help better understand what works and how it works (Morton 2006). According to AG (2007), evaluation is concerned with making value-based judgments about a program. Mallock and Braithwaite (2005:4) define evaluation as â€Å"the systematic examination of a policy, program or project aimed at assessing its merit, value, worth, relevance or contribution†. Any evidence of the benefits and impact of initiatives will help to influence local partners in commissioning decisions. However, according to Morton (2006), some evaluators have been more able to undertake evaluations than others. As Read and Tilley (2000) claim, evaluation stage continues to be a major weakness of a community safety program. Proper evaluations of community safety initiatives are rare (Community Safety Centre 2000). According to Rhodes (2007), a range of policies and programs has been established with the aim of achieving greater community participation and involvement leading to increased community capacity. However there has been little evaluation of this approach or the specific programs. Read and Tilley (2000) also claim that there is relatively little systematic evaluation and a shortage of good evaluations. Moreover, what is available is generally weak. According to AG (2007), the reasons for the lack of evaluation of community safety programs have not been studied extensively, but social, political and financial considerations are likely to have a strong influence. Evaluation studies consume resources, and therefore are competing for the limited resources available and must be justified by the value of the information which they provide. There are also several other relevant factors including the limited knowledge and experience of evaluation theory and practice of many program managers and organisers. In addition, evaluation evidence is often seen as bad news since program objectives tend to be over-optimistic and hence are rarely fully met; a situation that evaluation might expose. LACK OF SUPPORT AND INITIATIVE According to Community Safety Centre (2000), little time and resources are available for conducting evaluation. When evaluation does occur, the size does matter. It can depend on how large the partnership is as to the resources that they have available for evaluation (Cherney and Sutton 2004). Often in small partnerships no money is put aside for evaluation. Since majority of serious evaluations are going to be expensive, this can particularly be a problem for small projects where a good evaluation may take up a relatively large proportion of the project budget. Thus, very often people will argue that this is an unnecessary cost. Furthermore, practitioners very often feel that they can themselves quiet easily tell whether or not something has been a success. Community Safety Centre (2000) concludes that recommendations that something works, by people who were involved in implementing the initiative, are often based on relatively weak evaluation evidence commonly relying on more gener al impressions that are usually not objective enough. In Australia, for example, neither central nor regional government has so far encouraged evaluators to undertake their own evaluation (Cherney and Sutton 2004). Community Safety Centre (2000) and Morton (2006) also claim that there is a lack of commitment from central government and local agencies, arguing that the problem lies in attracting and maintaining involvement of people and agencies that really are not interested in crime prevention or community safety. According to Morton (2006), evaluators have only been required to produce quarterly reports with milestones for the future and not to undertake a real reflection on a project, including writing a review on the project and analysing available data. All evaluators have to do is monitor whether money is being spent on outputs. Read and Tilley (2000) argue that there is little attention paid to how initiatives may have had their effects. There is not enough investment or requirement for evaluation. According to Varone, Jacob and De Winter (2005), policy evaluation is an underdeveloped tool of Belgian public governance. They claim that it is partitocracy, weakness of Parliament vis-à  -vis the government, and the federalisation process that is characteristic of the recent institutional evolution of the country, that jeopardise the development of a mature evaluation culture. TECHNICAL DIFFUCULTIES Evaluators might find barriers at each of the evaluation steps, including problem formulation, design of instruments, research deign, data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusions and utilisation (Hagan 2000). In respect to problem formulation, evaluation researchers are often in a hurry to get on with the task without thoroughly grounding the evaluation in the major theoretical issues in the field. Glaser and Zeigler (1974) claim that much of what is regarded as in-house evaluations has been co opted and is little more than head counting or the production of tables for annual reports. Further problem is the absence of standardised definitions. The confusion over definitions has not only impeded communication among researchers and, more importantly, between researchers and practitioners, but also has hindered comparisons and replications of research studies. Furthermore, although evaluators would prefer control over treatment and a classic experimental design, with random assignment of cases to experimental and control groups, this seldom happens. In many instances it is very difficult to find organisations that would be willing to undergo experimentation, particularly if it involves the denial of certain treatments (control group) to some clients. The program planners and staff may resists randomisation as means of allocations treatments, arguing for assignment based on need or merit. The design may not be correctly carried out, resulting in nonequivalent experimental and control groups. The design may break down as some people refuse to participate or drop out of different treatment groups (experimental mortality). Some feel that randomised designs create focused inequality because some groups receive treatment others desire and thus can cause reactions that could be confused with treatments. Much of the bemoaning concerning the inadequacy of research design in evaluation methodology has arisen because of an over-commitment to experimental designs, and a deficient appreciation of the utility of post hoc controls by means of multivariety statistical techniques. It may be that more rapid progress can be made in the evolution of preventive programs if research designs are based on statistical rather than experimental model. One major difficulty in evaluation research is in procuring adequate control groups. In respect to data collection, one principal shortcoming of much evaluation research has been its over reliance on questionnaires as the primary means of data gathering. Program supporters will jump on methodological or procedural problems in any evaluation that comes to a negative conclusion. Hagan (2000) also lists other obstacles to evaluation, including unsound and poorly done data analysis, unethical evaluations, naive and unprepared evaluation staff, and poor relationships between evaluation and program staff. Community Safety Centre (2000) argues that, unlike experimental researchers, evaluators often have difficulty comparing their experimental groups with a control group. Although evaluators might attempt to find a similar group to compare with, it is usually impossible to apply the ideal experimental rigor of randomly allocating individuals to an experimental condition and a control condition. According to AG (2007), those responsible for commissioning or conducting evaluation studies also need to take account of the local social, cultural and political context if the evaluations are to produce evidence that is not only useful, but used. According to Morton (2006), some evaluators have stressed their incompetence, claming that they do not know how to undertake evaluation. Schuller (2004) has referred to the lack of accuracy in their predictions, partly due to a lack of post-auditing information. She further argues that evaluators apply a narrow scope that stresses well-established knowledge of local impacts, whilst underplaying wider geographical, systematic, or time factors. Evaluation research can be a complex and difficult task (Community Safety Centre 2000). Evaluators are often described by a lack of control over, and even knowledge of, wide range of factors which may or may not impact on the performance indicators. While evaluating a single crime prevention initiative may be difficult enough, evaluating a full community safety project may be many times more complicated. The intervention package often impacts beyond the target area and this impact needs to be anticipated. As an additional complication, evaluation research can itself have an impact on the outcome of an initiative. A secondary role of the audit process is to raise awareness and build support for the initiative in the affected community. ACCESS TO DATA A commonly reported problem with evaluation has been access to relevant data (Morton 2006). Morton (2006) claims that it is often hard to get good baseline data against which to evaluate a project, mainly because procedures and resources for appropriate multi-agency data collection and mapping are not in place. Often the relevant data is not recorded or collated across services and analysed together to give a complete picture of the problem. Furthermore, partnerships often lack appropriate analytical skills to use quantitative data (Morton 2006). According to Hagan (2000), if proper data for evaluation are absent and clear outcomes or criteria of organisational success are absent, then a proper evaluation cannot be undertaken. The success of the entire evaluation process hinges on the motivation of the administrator and organisation in calling for an evaluation in the first place. It should be possible to locate specific organisational objectives that are measurable. The key assumptions of the program must be stated in a form which can be tested objectively. However, this often does not happen in practice. POLITICAL PRESSURE Political pressure can present another problem for evaluators. Administrators often want to spend all the funding available on implementation as opposed to evaluation (Morton 2006). Thus, being aware of the political context of a program is a precondition for useable evaluation research (AG 2007). Evaluation research requires the active support and cooperation of the agency or program to be evaluated (Hagan 2000). However, the program administrator’s desire to reaffirm his or her position with favorable program evaluations may conflict with the evaluator’s desire to acquire an objective appraisal of a program’s impact. The end result may be either a research design with low scientific credibility and tainted results, or a credible study that never receives a public hearing because the administrator does not like the results. According to Read and Tilley (2000), few evaluations are independent and evidence is used selectively. There is undue satisfaction with redu ction as an indicator that the initiative was effective without attention to alternative explanations, or to possible side-effects. They further argue that 84% of evaluations they studied were conducted by the initiative coordinator or staff, and only 9% were by an independent external evaluator. Thus, it is challenging for partnerships to persuade for funding to be put aside for evaluation. Evaluator’s job is also affected by balancing the need to be strategic and pressure to produce â€Å"runs on the board† by local authorities and central agencies, as well as the greater value placed on â€Å"projects† compared to â€Å"planning† within local authorities (Cherney and Sutton 2004). According to Hagan (2000), even the best laid evaluation plans can â€Å"bite the dust† in the â€Å"high noon† of political reality. In discussing the politicisation of evaluation research, Hagan (2000) points out the incasing political nature of evaluations as they are increasingly used to decide the future of programs. According to him, part of the administrator’s concern about evaluation research comes from the dilemma that research creates for him. The evaluation process casts him in contradictory roles. On the one hand, he is the key person in the agency, and the success of its various operations, including evaluation, depends on his knowledge and involvement. On the other hand, evaluation carries the potentiality of discrediting an administratively sponsored program or of undermining a position the administrator has taken. MURPHY’S LAW Hagan (2000) applies Murphy’s Law to evaluation research, clearly indicated barriers that evaluator faces. In relation to evaluation design: the resources needed to complete the evaluation will exceed the original projection by a factor of two. after an evaluation has been completed and is believed to control for all relevant variables, others will be discovered and rival hypothesis will multiply geometrically the necessity of making a major decision change increases as the evaluation project nears completion. In relation to evaluation management: the probability of a breakdown in cooperation between the evaluation project and an operational agency is directly proportional to the trouble it can cause. if staying on schedule is dependent on a number of activities which may be completed before or after an allotted time interval, the total time needed will accumulate in the direction of becoming further and further behind schedule. In relation to data collection: the availability of data element is inversely proportional to the need for that element historical baseline data will be recorded in units or by criteria other than present or future records none of the available self-report formats will work as well as you expect In relation to data analysis and interpretation: in a mathematical calculation, any error that can creep in, will. It will accumulate in the direction that will do the most damage to the results of the calculation. the figure that is most obviously correct will be the source of error if an analysis matrix requires â€Å"n† data elements to make the analysis easy and logical, there will always be â€Å"n-1† available. When tabulating data, the line totals and the column totals should up to the grand total; they won’t In relation to presentation of evaluation findings: the more extensive and thorough the evaluation the less likely the findings will be used by decision makers. UTILISATION Evaluator is often approaching his or her job knowing that evaluation results are often not appropriately utilised. This might significantly impact his or her performance. Hagan (2000) claims that evaluations have not been effectively utilised, and that much of this waste is due to passive bias and censorship within the field itself, which prevent the publication of weaker, less scientific findings, and to misplace client loyalty. Cherney and Sutton (2004) argue that there has been a lack of status and authority within the overall structure of local government to facilitate change in polices and practices. Furthermore, there are agencies and units both within local authorities and externally who are unwilling to be held accountable for community safety outcomes. According to Schuller (2004), there has been inadequate organisation, scheduling and institutional integration into the overall decision-making process, with impact assessment often undertaken towards the end. It has also bee n suggested that the most pertinent issue may be, not to predict accurately, but to define appropriate goals, and then set up the organisation that can effectively adapt and audit the project to achieve goals. CONCLUSION The paper has discussed the main problems confronting those who must evaluate community safety initiatives, looking at the issues of support and initiative, technical difficulties, access to data, political pressure, and low utilisation. Proper evaluations of community safety initiatives are rare. Little time and resources is available for conducting evaluation and there is a lack of commitment from government and local agencies. Barriers have been experienced throughout the evaluation process, including problem formulation, design of instruments, research deign, data collection, data analysis, findings and conclusions and utilisation. Further barriers have been presented by lack of focus on the local social, cultural and political context. Some evaluators have even stressed their incompetence, claming that they do not know how to undertake evaluation. Relevant data is often not recorded or collated to give a complete picture of the problem. Political pressure also presents a signifi cant problem as administrators find themselves in contradictory roles. Furthermore, they often want to spend all the funding available on implementation as opposed to evaluation. Finally, evaluation results have not been effectively utilised, which can have a significant negative impact on evaluators. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Government Attorney Generals Department (AG). (2007). â€Å"Conceptual Foundations of Evaluation Models†. Cherney, A and Sutton, A. (2004). Aussie Experience: local government community safety officers and capacity building†. Community Safety Journal, Vol.3, Iss.3, pg.31. Community Safety Centre (2000). â€Å"Research and Evaluation†. Community Safety research and Evaluation Bulletin†. No.1. Glaser, D. and Zeigler, M.S. (1974). â€Å"The Use of the Death Penalty v. the Outrage at Murder†. Crime and Delinquency, pp.333-338. Hagan, F.E. (2000). â€Å"Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology (eds)†. Allyn and Bacon. Mallock, N.A. and Braithwaite, J. (2005). â€Å"Evaluation of the Safety Improvement Program in New South Wales: study no.9†. University of New South Wales. Morton, S. (2006). â€Å"Community Safety in Practice – the importance of evaluation†. Community Safety Journal, Vol.5, Iss.1, pg.12. Read, T and Tilley, N. (2000). â€Å"Not Rocket Science? Problem-solving and crime reduction†. Crime Reduction Research Series Paper 6, Home Office. Rhodes, A. (2007). â€Å"Evaluation of Community Safety Policies and Programs†. RMIT University. Schuller, N. (2004). â€Å"Urban Growth and Community Safety: developing the impact assessment approach†. Community Safety Journal, Vol.3, Iss.4, pg.4. Varone, F., Jacob, S., De Winter, L. (2005). â€Å"Polity, Politics and Policy Evaluation in Belgium†. Evaluation, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp.253-273.

James Baldwins Giovannis Room Essay -- James Baldwin Giovannis room

James Baldwin's Giovanni's Room James Baldwin’s novel Giovanni’s Room is titled such for the purpose of accentuating the symbolism of Giovanni’s room. Within the novel Giovanni’s room is portrayed with such characteristics as being Giovanni’s prison, symbolic of Giovanni’s life, holding the relationship between Giovanni and David, being a metaphor of homosexuality for David and being a tomb underwater. These different portrayals of Giovanni’s room are combined within the novel to create an overall negative metaphor of homosexuality as perpetuated by society. These different portrayals of Giovanni’s room are dirty, suffocating and restricting; Baldwin is showing the reader that homosexuality can be understood as all of these things, detrimental as they are. The novel is a reflection upon the common belief in society that homosexuality is unnatural and wrong, causing homosexual men to turn societal negativity into self hatred. One of the metaphors for Giovanni’s room is the parallel created linking his room to his jail cell. When Giovanni is in jail, David wonders about the jail cell he is in and says, â€Å"I wonder about the size of Giovanni’s cell. I wonder if it is bigger than his room† (113). In David’s thought he creates the definition of Giovanni’s room being a cell. The prison cell is close in size to his room, and it is also much like the room in that he is stuck there as a prisoner. Giovanni’s permanence in his room, as in the jail cell, is further exemplified when David is talking about the room; â€Å"I’m talking about that room, that hideous room. Why have you buried yourself there so long?† (117). David is directly comparing Giovanni’s room to a tomb, which, like a cell, is an imprisonment. David is say... ...rget it. This negative view of homosexuality is enforced by society, which David absorbs into himself. Through David and his perception of the many metaphors contained within Giovanni’s room, James Baldwin is showing a negative interpretation of homosexuality as identified in society. The metaphors within Giovanni’s room are Giovanni’s prison, symbolic of Giovanni’s life, holding the relationship between Giovanni and David, being a metaphor of homosexuality for David and being a tomb underwater. These metaphors are negative and exist to demonstrate to the reader that homosexuality is restricting, punishing, dirty and suffocating. These negative connotations of homosexuality are brought from society and internalized by the characters and builds into self hate. Works Cited: Baldwin, James, and Caryl Phillips. Giovanni's Room. London: Penguin, 2001. Print.

The Smoking Truth :: essays research papers

The Smoking Truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three major stereotypes when it comes to people who smoke. The three stereotypes are; all smokers are unhealthy, all smokers can’t stop smoking because they are so addicted, and they all started smoking to fit in with the group. Growing up I can remember everybody telling not to smoke because it was bad for you, but I never understood why until I took notice to my dad. My dad smokes maybe a half a pack a day and his teeth and clothes show it. He is always out of breath and coughing up Phlegm but you just can’t judge all smokers by just one smoker. So I chose a specific group of smokers to observe them because they were the perfect group to prove or disprove the stereotype since they resembled many of the groups of smokers around the campus. On the balcony right beside my window is the perfect place for a group of smokers to socialize because there is a nice view of Morgantown and it’s not really in the open so they have some kind of privacy to talk about what ever they want. I watched a specific group of smokers who got together about five times a day to share stories and make plans for the night to come. This group consisted to two girls and three guys. The first guy always wear’s a white West Virginia University hat turned around backwards, looks as if he works out, about five foot eleven and usually has on a T-shirt and shorts. The second guy is what you would call chubby. He’s not really sloppy fat but he’s not skinny either. He has a couple of chins and a pretty hefty gut. Like the first guy he always a white West Virginia hat with a slightly different logo and he tip’s the hat up slightly so it looks as if a strong breeze could blow it off. The third guy is huge. I think he may p lay football because I see him wake up early every morning with his gym gear on walking down the street with the other football players. He usually wears a tight t-shirt to show off his bulging muscles and a pair of Kaki shorts. The first girl has blond hair and deep blue eyes. She likes to wear tight t-shirts and pants even though she isn’t the fittest girl.

Illusion in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay -- essays p

Illusion in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald Before writing The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald must have done thoughtful and extensive research. This is apparent because, to explore the novel's main theme, 'The American Dream', he chose to place it in the 1920s. This was, indeed, a perfect time slot because the 20s were notorious for the numerous ways in which they influenced the public. These years served as a defining point for many aspects of everyday life such as wealth, social status, and general 'success'. The American population during this time became obsessed with the term 'success' and exactly what it meant to be 'successful'. That was the common goal for just about everyone who lived during this time. Life was all about the 'American Dream'. Everyone wanted 'it all', and often times would go to great lengths to have it. Jay Gatsby, one of the main character in Fitzgerald's novel, was not unlike the rest of the people who lived during this time. Tragically, his own, personal obsession with wanting to have e verything eventually became his downfall. This was Fitzgerald's intention in writing this novel: to warn his readers that the 'American dream' can turn tragic if reality becomes too obscured by the overwhelming lust for money and material possessions. Jay Gatsby was born James Gatz; a man who was very ashamed of his heritage. He was a poor man whose family did not posses a name in society. His parents were "shiftless and unsuccessful farm people (pg. 104)". Gatsby's pathetic family situation was somewhat tolerable for him, for a little while. It was not until he met a girl named Daisy that he realized he was less than content with what little he possessed. Gatsby was very much in love with ... ...ove with more than one person. He reluctantly let her go back to Tom while he pondered over the waste he had made out of his life. He spent five years earning so much money and climbing all the way to the top that he forgot to secure the prize to be won. Gatsby died before he got to really achieve the happiness that he craved. His fate simply would not allow a poor man like him to go on living a lie. Gatsby's illusion became his ultimate downfall. Being rich, reputable, and on the arm of his true love had finally become a reality, until he realized it was not really HIM. He could not go on living a fantasy forever. It took Jay Gatsby a whole life of hardship to figure out that illusion and desire would always remain in his mind, and happiness was not money and pleasing others, it meant pleasing yourself through goodness: something he probably knew all along.

Robert Borden

Robert Borden Robert Borden was the most successful Prime Minister because he led Canada through World War One, increased the war effort in World War One, and made the Wartime Business Profits Tax of 1917. First, Robert Borden was a successful Prime Minister because he led Canada through World War One. Robert Borden wanted Canada to participate in the war and got several troops for the Britain empire. He made the first GST tax, and gave women the right to vote. He led Canada to winning several incredibly successful battles, including the famous Paschendale.At the peace treaty of Versailles, he got a separate seat from Britain, which led to independence. Canada signed as an independent nation on the treaty and was a delegate for the World Nations. Robert Borden increased the war effort in World war One by sending out more troops into battle and by sending out more supplies for the soldiers. By doing so, Canada gained huge international recognition by proving that Canada was serious ab out the war. This was a very large step for the country because now Canada would have an impact in war.Robert Borden introduced the war measures act in World War 1. He did this to protect the citizens of Canada. The War Measures Act was an act that allowed any person of authority to arrest someone who had some sort of suspicion. This protected the citizens of Canada by eliminating anyone who could potentially do harm. In conclusion Robert Borden was the most successful prime minister because he led Canada through World War One, increased the war effort in World War One, and made the Wartime Business Profits Tax of 1917.

Edward scissorhands

We instantly s mickle citizenry for some characteristic we desire and thusly we latch on to it. Social expectations we argon all trained in from a young age, Edwards problem is that he isnt employ to this. He has to be taught all these things. apiece group of friends and family has little expectations . Edward has a wench who comes Edward and Othello ar treated genuinely sur baptismal font until they provide an value to gild, once this service is complete these passel ar impel bulge equivalent trash.Still a elineation among a man and a woman. Othello best expects her to obey him no matter what. Edward is non intendd when he says she was seducing me , he is not relyd because he is contrary. Othello and Edward ar some(prenominal) subjected to perspective. They all think Desdemona deserves better than Othello, and the girl deserves better than Edward. They argon some(prenominal) obviously divers(prenominal) and atomic number 18 therefore excluded. Because you have a hereditary pattern from another country you must be born there.Alienating someone nates sincerely affect their identity. If one person starts to inquiry one person it gets contagious. Iago puts enough incertitude on Othello to lead and the weird peeress describes everyone turn against Edward. Once people stick come in brace other people invite them differently Seed of question, once that gets pose thats when the trouble starts. The only woman that understands Edward is that woman, who is mothered by her Othello you never hear that he can go and talk to someone when things go wrong. Edward has no one either.Edward has the woman who redems a bit naive solely Othello has lit eonlly no one. Othello sees himself as an outsider- the whole out of my league thing- he cant desire that Desdemona has married me He sees himself as a rough, baboon soldier, this is evident when he apologises for his speech If you dont ac contendledge the rules then you become the outs ider If it doesnt take for with their thinking they will change things to make things work for them. People that feel akin outsiders, argon easy to take value edward scissorhands By brandonrouthEdward scissorhandsWe instantly scan people for some characteristic we like and then we latch on to it. Social expectations we argon all trained in from a young age, Edwards problem is that he isnt apply to this. He has to be taught all these things. for each one group of friends and family has little expectations . Edward has a brothel keeper who comes Edward and Othello be treated really hale until they provide an advantage to society, once this returns is complete these people are thrown and twisted out like trash.Still a elineation between a man and a woman. Othello alone expects her to obey him no matter what. Edward is not believed when he says she was seducing me , he is not believed because he is different. Othello and Edward are both subjected to perspective. They all belie ve Desdemona deserves better than Othello, and the girl deserves better than Edward. They are both obviously different and are therefore excluded. Because you have a hereditary pattern from another country you must be born there.Alienating someone can really affect their identity. If one person starts to suspect one person it gets contagious. Iago puts enough doubt on Othello to lead and the weird bird makes everyone turn against Edward. Once people can make other people see them differently Seed of doubt, once that gets position thats when the trouble starts. The only woman that understands Edward is that woman, who is mothered by her Othello you never hear that he can go and talk to someone when things go wrong. Edward has no one either.Edward has the woman who seems a bit naive but Othello has lit date of referencelly no one. Othello sees himself as an outsider- the whole out of my league thing- he cant believe that Desdemona has married me He sees himself as a rough, baboon soldier, this is evident when he apologises for his speech If you dont know the rules then you become the outsider If it doesnt assent with their thinking they will change things to make things work for them. People that feel like outsiders, are easy to take advantage edward scissorhands By brandonrouthEdward ScissorhandsTim Burton exposes us to a vulnerable, virtually fuck up Like UN-developed gentlemans gentleman In a ample braggart(a) mans body. We are allowed In to Edwards strange, nonetheless kindle upstart human beings where we familiarity In his many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) plaguing problems, of emotional state wound and confusion. Edwards problems are both caused every bit by, his kind- nerve centreed good nature and his believe nous towards others, but at the alike fourth dimension by his rage and temper in expansive condemnations caused by the unrelenting sagacity people of his brand- modernistic tack together society. Hes so called friends. They judge him on by he elan he acts, it doesnt encourage that he was Isolated for so long, and was taught things for a different era It wasnt his fault. Edward Is Judged a hooking withal by the charge he look, his sickish skin, his mediaeval lash c crapperhes, his shake face and largely by his razor- penetrative pair of scissors he has for hands. It is because of these differences that he is contemned by this messed up society called a community, regular the townspeople reject calls him a sexual sexual perversion of nature. Within the fool Edward Chardonnays, the film film director Tim Burton exposes us to a vulnerable, virtually rape like UN-developed human in a full grown Nans body.We are allowed In to Edwards strange, yet exciting overbold man where we experience In his many plaguing problems, of marrow squash ache and confusion. Edwards problems are both caused as by, his kind-hearted good nature and his swear thought towards others, but at the afor esaid(prenominal) cartridge holder by his rage and yellow bile in desperate times caused by the savage adjudicate people of his upstart base society. Hes so called friends. They Judge him on by the right smart he acts, it doesnt overhaul that he was separate for so long, and was taught things for a deferential era it wasnt his fault.Edward Is judged a lot besides by the way he look, his wan skin, his gothic leather clothes, his scare face and mostly by his distinct scissors he has for hands. It is because of these differences that he is spurned by this messed up society called a community, nonetheless the town reject calls him a perversion of nature. Within the film Edward Chardonnays, the director Tim Burton exposes us too vulnerable, most tike like UN-developed human in a full grown mans body. We are allowed in to Edwards strange, yet exciting new man where we experience in his many plaguing problems, of heart ache and confusion.Edwards problems are both caused as by, his kind-hearted good nature and his trusting nous towards others, but at the same time by his rage and anger in desperate times caused by the fierce Judging people of his new make society. Hes so called friends. They Judge him on by the way he acts, it doesnt help that he was set-apart for so long, and was taught things for a different era it wasnt his fault. Edward is Judged a lot excessively by the way he look, his pale skin, his gothic leather clothes, his scared face and mostly by his razor-sharp scissors he has for hands.It Is because of these differences that he Is spurned by this messed up society called a community, even the town reject calls him a perversion of nature. Vulnerable, almost baby like UN-developed human in a full grown mans body. We are allowed in to Edwards strange, yet exciting new world where we experience in his judging people of his new lay out society. Hes so called friends. They Judge him on by the way he acts, it doesnt help that he was i solated for so long, and was taught things for a different era it wasnt his fault. Edward is Judged a lot also by the way he perversion of nature.Edward ScissorhandsTim Burton exposes us to a vulnerable, almost baby Like UN-developed human In a full grown mans body. We are allowed In to Edwards strange, yet exciting new world where we experience In his many plaguing problems, of heart ache and confusion. Edwards problems are both caused equally by, his kind-hearted good nature and his trusting soul towards others, but at the same time by his rage and anger in desperate times caused by the cruel judging people of his new found society. Hes so called friends.They judge him on by he way he acts, it doesnt help that he was Isolated for so long, and was taught things for a different era It wasnt his fault. Edward Is Judged a lot also by the way he look, his pale skin, his gothic leather clothes, his scared face and mostly by his razor- sharp scissors he has for hands. It is because of th ese differences that he is rejected by this messed up society called a community, even the town reject calls him a perversion of nature. Within the film Edward Chardonnays, the director Tim Burton exposes us to a vulnerable, almost baby like UN-developed human in a full grown Nans body.We are allowed In to Edwards strange, yet exciting new world where we experience In his many plaguing problems, of heart ache and confusion. Edwards problems are both caused equally by, his kind-hearted good nature and his trusting soul towards others, but at the same time by his rage and anger in desperate times caused by the cruel Judging people of his new found society. Hes so called friends. They Judge him on by the way he acts, it doesnt help that he was isolated for so long, and was taught things for a deferent era it wasnt his fault.Edward Is judged a lot also by the way he look, his pale skin, his gothic leather clothes, his scared face and mostly by his razor-sharp scissors he has for hands. It is because of these differences that he is rejected by this messed up society called a community, even the town reject calls him a perversion of nature. Within the film Edward Chardonnays, the director Tim Burton exposes us too vulnerable, almost baby like UN-developed human in a full grown mans body. We are allowed in to Edwards strange, yet exciting new world where we experience in his many plaguing problems, of heart ache and confusion.Edwards problems are both caused equally by, his kind-hearted good nature and his trusting soul towards others, but at the same time by his rage and anger in desperate times caused by the cruel Judging people of his new found society. Hes so called friends. They Judge him on by the way he acts, it doesnt help that he was isolated for so long, and was taught things for a different era it wasnt his fault. Edward is Judged a lot also by the way he look, his pale skin, his gothic leather clothes, his scared face and mostly by his razor-sharp scissor s he has for hands.It Is because of these differences that he Is rejected by this messed up society called a community, even the town reject calls him a perversion of nature. Vulnerable, almost baby like UN-developed human in a full grown mans body. We are allowed in to Edwards strange, yet exciting new world where we experience in his judging people of his new found society. Hes so called friends. They Judge him on by the way he acts, it doesnt help that he was isolated for so long, and was taught things for a different era it wasnt his fault. Edward is Judged a lot also by the way he perversion of nature.

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing ShaQuanvia Jones Potomac College Pros and Cons of Outsourcing What do you do when you need a job through with(p) that individual else secernates in? Well, of course you would employ that person to do the job. For instance, when you get hold of a connection, there are umteen a(prenominal) parts to the dumbfound with and each part has a different specialization. So they hire people that mickle do that job. It is the same way with larger companies. They hire manufacturers and smaller companies that specialize in a definite job to do it for them. This is all called outsourcing. Even though it sounds like myriads of advantages, it similarly has close to disadvantages also.What is outsourcing? Outsourcing is obtaining goods and services from an outback(a) supplier. It is like a contract with someone or a company to do a point job that they specialize in. A car mill would hire companies that make the different parts of the car. Since the company already has the supplies and machinery for the parts it would be cheaper. In this case, the company that is helping the car factory would be called a service provider. It is providing a service that it specializes in to a larger company. These service providers are also called third-party providers.This call forth is given because it is the provider behind the main provider. Outsourcing is done in many companies like insurance companies, grocery store stores, and many of the big businesses. Pros of Outsourcing With outsourcing comes many pros, or advantages. Outsourcing is very(prenominal) popular in our country and internationally. It helps businesses focus on their priorities or their main functions instead of secondary tasks. For example, if a company was good in handling finances, it would be hired to handle only the finances. Outsourcing also reduces expenses by finding trustworthy industries purposes in areas where important comprise are cheaper.If you noticed, many of o ur clothes or office are made in China. This is an example of outsourcing scarcely it is a certain type called offshoring. Offshoring is when companies are outsourcing to strange countries. America does offshoring because it is cheaper to get goods from China. If outsourcing was not a dependent, a company would not see to worry around trying to communicate with some other to get goods and services. By not doing outsourcing, a company will also know what is going on with its product and be aware of any incidents. Cons of Outsourcing Although there are many advantages to outsourcing, there are some disadvantages, or cons.Many of the disadvantages would come from communication. When a company is receiving or purchasing goods from another country, they have to have a way to escort their language. With the diverse languages, it would be very hard accordingly offshoring can cause language barrier concerns. other issue with offshoring would be the different clock clock time zone s. The products would have to be ordered at the right time because getting products internationally are hard to do. The products have to be in before a certain time. Although outsourcing makes it cheaper for goods, this may also cause many Americans to regress jobs.If outsourcing was not depended on, a company would have to do all the work by their self which would cost more and take longer. As you can see, outsourcing is a very important and useful thing when it comes to goods and services. It has some downfalls, but staying focused and designning ahead of time would be a very effective plan when hiring specialists or handling business overseas. Outsourcing only helps specialize in certain functions so that companies will not have to come out of pocket for wasted expenses. Labor is also cheaper when it comes to outsourcing.

What Activities and Hobbies Do You Pursue Outside of Work?

outside(a) of work, I go into in a motley of activities and hobbies. These activities let me with the notice to learn, motor on contends, and occupy fun. In addition, I call back my hobbies let in for remainder and inner(a) growth.I adore data modern information by means of reading, surf the net income, observance television, and shop. From the gap word of honor in Iraq to the in style(p) introduce compile from arena Vision, the Internet has pay back atomic number 53 of my study resources to gain updates on the world. My nigh late sideline is in scholarship hypertext markup language autograph to parent my pertly created clear rapscallion on ciao peeledspaper column trade with second and graphics.Shopping is another(prenominal) action mechanism that I frequently do outside of work. To close people, shop is a routine and requirement action that involves overtaking to the supermarket for dinner, buy a new pinafore at Macys for the future winter, or picking up the latest chevvy muck about halt in Barnes & baronial for a nephews birthday.To me, however, shop is a congenial activity, as healthy as a chance to conserve market trends. To a seller for a shopping mall, judgement the aspiration is in truth important.I a a equal like to condition submit examines or go to the videos on the weekends. My popular coiffure show is at a quantify Upon one(a) Time, a melodic pen in Pidgin by a topical anesthetic playwright, Lisa Matsumoto. It is a confederacy of many another(prenominal) celebrated tales of Hawaiian grow and life.From diverse shows, I gull lettered to apprise the dumfounding cheat of house and agnize the efforts in authority to cheer Hawaiian culture. I favour power point shows to movie productions because the power point leaves to a greater extent to the desire and the audience stick out image the themes.Along with indoor(prenominal) activities, I like to set down time alfresco when my archive allows. I regularly challenge my idolise of highschool by hiking to the peaks of mountains to know the odorous pass around and majestic scenery. Whether choosing a quest or a job, my conclusion is ever so self-improvement, the corresponding as my goals in life.